Modern Labyrinth Essay -- Film Analysis

Film is a form of chronicletelling, and all stories are, in essence recycled, contemporary films must modernize a story of the past to make it accessible to modern audiences. This is the case with the film, Pans Labyrinth. The invention of Theseus and the Minotaur has been rewritten and modernized in the 2006 film, Pans Labyrinth. The myth Theseus and the Minotaur and the morals that inhabit within it, present a context in which it will be possible to interpret and analyze the film Pans Labyrinth as a modern day rewriting of the myth.In order to understand how Pans Labyrinth has been rewritten, it is important to first understand the original myth of Theseus and the Minotaur. According to Edith Hamiltons Mythology, the story of Theseus and his quest to slay the Minotaur begins long before Theseuss birth. Minos, the powerful ruler of Crete, had lost his only sonwhile the newborn man was visiting the Athenian King (Hamilton 211). In order to seek revenge, Minos invaded Athens and declared that he would raze it to the ground unless every nine days the people sent him a tribute of seven maidens and seven youths (Hamilton 212). When the victims reached Crete, they would be sacrificed to a beast that was half bull, half human, known as the Minotaur (Hamilton 212). The Minotaur was housed in a labyrinth where escape was impossible (Hamilton 212). To this place, the young Athenians were each time taken and left to the Minotaur (Hamilton 212). This ritual continued until one year, Theseus, son of the Athenian queen regnant and heir to throne, offered to be one of the victims. Unbeknownst to the people, Theseus had every intention of slaying the beast. When the young victims arrived in Crete they were paraded before the inhabitants ... ... bravely and defiantly act against authority earlier than blindly remain obedient. This film shows the power of innocence over evil and the triumph of imagination over colorless servitude just as the original tale of Theseus and the Minotaur, but with a darker new interpretation.Works CitedFilmtracks Modern Soundtrack Reviews. (2007, January 05). Retrieved may 04, 2012, from http//www.filmtracks.com/titles/pans_labyrinth.htmlGoodykoontz, B., & Jacobs, C. P. (2011). Film From Watching to Seeing. San Diego, CA Bridgepoint Education, Inc. https//content.ashford.edu Hamilton, Edith. Mythology. 1942. N.p. Back Bay Books, 1998. PrintVC. (2010, September 23). The Vigilant Citizen. Retrieved May 05, 2012, from The Esoteric Interpretation of Pans Labyrinth http//vigilantcitizen.com/moviesandtv/the-esoteric-interprentation-of-pans-labyrinth/

The Natural Environment and the Human Condition :: Environment Environmental Pollution Preservation

To consider the human condition apart from the inwrought environment is both foolish and inconceivable. It is in unity with a modern mode of thought that humans are raised to think that they are in some way separated from their natural environment. In unfolded society the weather has become nothing more than something to discuss with the person standing next to you in the checkout line. Population refers to how more people will be at the movies this weekend. Agriculture is what shows up in the produce section of the grocery store and fire is something you can find on You_Tube and watch on your television screen. Practically nothing directly relates to the environment that we are so intrinsically a part of. Humanity has neglected to develop a consciousness about its position in a world, which includes but is not defined by human society.As far as we know, the beginnings of public date back to 3.5 million years ago. Homo erectus (the earliest form of man) was roaming the earth, in Africa, with his hands free enabling him to travel great distances and utilize elementary stone irradiations. The species Homo erectus lived in small, hunter-gatherer groups. Because of constant movement, in search of vegetation and game in addition to a small population, he was unable to give up a lasting impact on the environment. (Ponting) Essentially, he was a very smart ape. (McCrone) Just 100,000 years ago came the development of Homo sapiens whom had a larger brain case and far more advanced hunting techniques, using bolas stones, snarling and trapping. And 30,000 years ago came the development of Homo sapiens sapiens. The bow and cursor was developed along with the needle and thread. Tools and technology were quickly developing and man had the resourcefulness for global spread. The manipulation of fire is regarded as one of mans greatest feats concerning former(a) technology. There is a debate as to when man first intentionally used fire, McCrone argues that Homo erectus was successfully using fire as a tool about 1.5 million years ago. He doesnt think that Homo erectus would have been able to spread its population the way it did without the use of fire which would have facilitated cooking, aliment preservation and tool making all of which would have been necessary to migrate great distances. There is evidence of hearths being used in Europe as early as 400,000 years ago, which clearly require controlled use of fire.

Research Paper - Class Size -- essays papers

Research Paper - Class SizeClass size is a very popular topic that is greatly research through forth educational settings. Class size deals with how many students are in the tierroom at once. Class size can vary greatly. It can depended on the lieu of the school, where the more rural areas do only one high school while in a city environment there could be 23 high schools in one area. Location also depends on the amount of population in that area. Class size also can depend on the level of schooling. Such as in a major university there could be two hundred students in one class, while in a local elementary school there is only eighteen students in one class. Class size can depend on what kind of class is being taught. In physical education, classes could be fitted together to make enough equal time for all students to attended physical education that day. Many researches have been performed to see the effect of class size has on many different aspects of education. Some of the as pects of education that researchers study the effect of class size on were pedantic achievement, discipline, teacher morale, student motivation, class involvement, and the way the information is presented to the students. The researchers try out different size classes and use one variable that stays the same much(prenominal) as discipline. The researchers then can see the positive and negative effects of each class size. Then the researchers can make a theory near what those have found. The researchers have done many studies on each of these aspects of education and many other aspects of education. The main aspect of education that the researchers like to perform studies on is relating class size and its effects on academic achievement. Academ... ...dent sand parents want the best they should attended a class size that is small, because research as shown that the small the class is, the better the student will do. Bibliography Biddle, B., & Berliner, D. (2002). Small Class Size and Its movements. Educational Leadership, 59 (5), 12-20. Finn, J. (2002). Small Classes in American Schools Research, Practice, and Politics. Mid-Western Educational Research, 15 (1), 19-25. Lesser, D., & Ferrand, J. (2000). Effect of Class Size, Grades Given, and Academic Field on Student Opinion of Instruction. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 24 (4), 269- 277. Mueller, D., & Chase, C. (1988). Effects of Reduced Class Size in Primary Classes. Educational Leadership, 45 (5), 48-51. Vedder, R. (1988). School Productivity, Class Size, and Choice. Updating School Board Policies, 19 (11), 574-576.

The Egyptian Culture Reflected in Worship Essay -- Egypt

The Egyptian Culture Reflected in WorshipMuch of our intimacy about ancient Egyptian culture is based on elaborate worship rituals related to death and the afterlife. Egyptians were devoted to their gods and to their pharaohs who were gods on human race, as demonstrated by their willingness to build the pyramids for the safe passage of their leaders into the afterlife.Understanding the development of Egyptian society and their theological system requires a basic knowledge of the geography of the area. The Nile River vale and Nile Delta, circa 4000-5000 BCE, was comprised of about 12,000 square miles of arable land. The villages and towns of ancient Egypt were found up and down the length of the Nile with most of the population living below the First Cataract (located approximately at pose day Aswan).The Egyptians were accomplished farmers. They k bran-new the Nile would flood each year and bring new life and abundant grain. The Niles flooding was predictable and left rich new depo sits of silt for new crops, making irrigation easy to plan. A basin irrigation system allowed the flood waters to flow gently into each field, cleansing and renewing the earth each year.The virtual isolation of the Nile Valley allowed Egyptian civilization to develop unthreatened by its neighbors. The Mediterranean Sea lay to the north, vast deserts were found to the eastbound and west, and dense jungle lay to the south. An invader would endure to be quite determined to brave the elements that protected the Nile Valley civilization.Since Egyptian civilization was a product, in many ways, of the natural forces that surrounded its people, the people looked to nature to explain the unexplainable. Egyptian gods were depicted as wise, caring, predicta... ...ring the shadow land that was the double of the Nile Delta. No famine or sorrows bothered him in this blessed afterlife. If his heart weighed too heavy, he would be thrown to the animal gods who tear him to shreds.The hieroglyphs l eft by the priests of ancient Egypt were meant to provide the breathless with a guide to the afterlife, to instruct the Ka what it should do in every test as it navigated the after world. Those same hieroglyphs have done much more. They have provided present day scholars with an amazing record of a culture that existed thousands of years ago and some insight into the minds of the people who lived in that culture. Through those ancient writings we have come to know how the ancient Egyptians worshiped, how they viewed their leaders, how they thought they should relate to one another, and how they viewed their role in this life and the next one.

Alvin Ailey :: essays research papers

Every company has what is known as a signature piece, that is, a work which expresses something about the delicious direction and the spirit of the company. For the Alvin Ailey Dance Theater that piece is Revelations. Choreographed and set to traditional harmony, Revelations was first performed at the Ninety-second Street YM-YWHA New York, NY., January 31, 1960. The lead dancers were Joan Derby, Minnie Marhsall, Merle Derby, Dorene Richardson, Jay Fletcher, Nathaniel Horne, and Herman Howell and the soloists were Nancy Redi and Gene Hobgood. The music was performed by the Music Masters Guild Chorus of the Harlem Branch YMCA at a lower place the direction of Frank Thomas. The piece as originally performed consisted of danced portions and music interleudes grouped under three broad headings, Pilgrim of Sorrow, That Love My Jesus Gives Me, and Move, Members, Move. The work was revised extensively a month after its first performance and was again given at the Ninety-second Street YM- YWHA. Revelations has been seen in every country that the company has toured and has been universally acclaimed. Born in Rogers, Texas on January 5, 1931, Alvin Ailey spent his formative years going to Sunday give lessons and participating in The Baptist Young Peoples Union. At age twelve, he moved to Los Angeles and, on a junior high school class trip to the concert dance Russe de Monte Carlo, fell in love with concert dance. Ailey began his formal dance training inspired by the performances of the Katherine Dunham Dance Company and the classes with Lester Horton that his friend, Carmen de Lavallade, urged him to take. Horton, the founder of the first racially integrated dance company in the US, was a catalyst for Ailey as the young dancer embarked on his professional career. After Hortons death in 1953, Ailey became the handler of the Lester Horton Dance Theater and began to choreograph his own works. In New York, Ailey studied with many outstanding dance artists, including Mart ha Graham, Doris Humphrey, Charles Weidman, Hanya Holm and Karel Shook, and took acting classes with Stella Adler. A versatile performer, Ailey won a number of acting roles while continuing to choreograph and dance professionally. In 1958, Ailey founded his own company, the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater. During the Companys first decade, Ailey created approximately twenty new ballets, among them cave dweller Songs and Reflections in D. These were followed by The River, The Lark Ascending, Love Songs and many others.

Alvin Ailey :: essays research papers

Every company has what is known as a signature piece, that is, a work which expresses something about the artistic direction and the spirit of the company. For the Alvin Ailey Dance Theater that piece is Revelations. Choreographed and set to traditional music, Revelations was first performed at the Ninety-second Street YM-YWHA New York, NY., January 31, 1960. The ternary dancers were Joan Derby, Minnie Marhsall, Merle Derby, Dorene Richardson, Jay Fletcher, Nathaniel Horne, and Herman Howell and the soloists were Nancy Redi and Gene Hobgood. The music was performed by the Music Masters Guild Chorus of the Harlem Branch YMCA under the direction of Frank Thomas. The piece as in the first place performed consisted of danced portions and music interleudes grouped under three broad headings, Pilgrim of Sorrow, That Love My Jesus Gives Me, and Move, Members, Move. The work was revised extensively a month after its first carrying out and was again given at the Ninety-second Street YM-YW HA. Revelations has been seen in every country that the company has toured and has been universally acclaimed. Born in Rogers, Texas on January 5, 1931, Alvin Ailey spent his formative historic period going to Sunday School and participating in The Baptist Young Peoples Union. At age twelve, he moved to Los Angeles and, on a junior high inculcate class trip to the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, fell in love with concert dance. Ailey began his formal dance training inspired by the performances of the Katherine Dunham Dance federation and the classes with Lester Horton that his friend, Carmen de Lavallade, urged him to take. Horton, the founder of the first racially integrated dance company in the US, was a catalyst for Ailey as the young dancer embarked on his professional career. after Hortons death in 1953, Ailey became the director of the Lester Horton Dance Theater and began to choreograph his own works. In New York, Ailey studied with many outstanding dance artists, including M artha Graham, Doris Humphrey, Charles Weidman, Hanya Holm and Karel Shook, and took acting classes with Stella Adler. A versatile performer, Ailey won a number of acting roles while continuing to choreograph and dance professionally. In 1958, Ailey founded his own company, the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater. During the Companys first decade, Ailey created rough twenty new ballets, among them Hermit Songs and Reflections in D. These were followed by The River, The Lark Ascending, Love Songs and many others.

The Sixties Scoop in Canada

faultfinding Social manoeuvre School of Social micturate University of Windsor 401 old Avenue Windsor, Ont. Canada N9B 3P4 Email emailprotected ca Website http//www. uwindsor. ca/critical cordial croak/ Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information heap be found at http//uwindsor. ca/critical accessiblework The online version of this article can be found at at http//uwindsor. ca/critic in any casecialwork/the http//uwindsor. ca/criticalsocialwork/the-sixties-scoop-implications-for-social-workers workers-andsocial-work- reproduction full of life Social contrive, 2010 Vol. 11 o. 1 11, Online publication date May 2010 53 Alston-OConnor The sixties sack Implications for Social Workers and Social Work Education lively Social Work 11(1) Emily Alston-OConnor, BSW Abstract This paper examines issues concerning start-off Nations the great unwasheds and the sister welf ar system, and their implications for social work today. It explores the Si xties Scoop to illustrate the devastating impact such policies and practices had on primeval children, families and communities. Cultural genocide is part of this legacy.To deliver more than paganly remove services, sentiency about and ac associationment of these mis gestates can assist social workers to incorporate a social justice perspective into their practice with pristine clients. As well, implications for social work education regarding professional training, curriculum content and course delivery by Aboriginal dexterity members are highlighted The Sixties Scoop Implications for Social Workers and Social Work Education Religious leading and the government of Canada have apologized to commencement Nations peoples for the abusive experiences they endured in the residential school ystem. However, the closure of the residential schools did not end the tackle to assimilate Aboriginal children into mainstream Anglo-Canadian society through separation from their families. A sudden acceleration in child welfare workers removing Native children from their Aboriginal communities coincided with the dismantling of the perform run education system. As the next painful chapter in the history of the settlement of Canadas Aboriginal peoples, the Sixties Scoop quickly evolved into an aggressive putz for assimilation and ethnic genocide.Its legacy has implications for social work practice today. Origins of the Sixties Scoop Governments in the mid 20th century viewed Aboriginal people as child-like creatures in constant need of the paternal care of the government. With guidance, they would gradually abandon their superstitious beliefs and barbaric behaviour and adopt civilization (Titley, 1992, p. 36). Segregated day and residential schools had failed to meet the goals of assimilation most former students did not embrace the Euro-Canadian individualism.The Parliamentary committee examining the Indian Act between 1946 and 1948 rejected the existing policy an d proposed Critical Social Work, 2010 Vol. 11, No. 1 54 Alston-OConnor instead the integration of young Indians into public schools (Titley, 1992). Con on- waiverly, the Department of Indian Affairs created agreements with the provinces to take primary responsibility for childrens general welfare within their own provincial agencies (Armitage, 1995). As residential schools became discredited, the child welfare system became the new agent of assimilation and colonization (Johnson, 1983).Returning to their militia and bands, many residential school students tangle alienated and overwhelmed. Growing up in the residential school system, Aboriginal children were not given role models to depend up to. They were not shown yarn-dyeion nor taught how to love or care for others. They had few traditional child-rearing skills from their own parents and relatives to rely on (Armitage, 1995). This had detri mental effects on the families of survivors of the residential schools for the generat ions of children who followed (Fournier and Crey, 1997).During the era of the Sixties Scoop, Kulusic (2005) suggests that power, privilege and destitution are complexly connect to the disproportionate number of Aboriginal children who were removed from their own communities (p. 26). Unfamiliar with extended family child-rearing practices and common values, government social service workers attempted to rescue children from their Aboriginal families and communities, devastating childrens lives and furthering the destitution of many families.Culture and ethnicity were not taken into consideration as it was assume that the child, cosmos pliable, would take on the heritage and culture of the foster/adoptive parents (Armitage, 1995). The forced removal of children and youth from their Native communities has been linked with social problems such as high suicide rate, sexual exploitation, substance use and abuse, poverty, low educational achievement and chronic unemployment (Lavell-Ha rvard and Lavell, 2006, p. 144).Newly designated funds from the federal to the provincial governments were the primary catalysts for state interestingness in the well-being of Aboriginal childrenas Ottawa guaranteed payment for each child apprehended (Lavell-Harvard and Lavell, 2006, p. 145). Exporting Aboriginal children to the United States was common practice. Private American toleration agencies paid Canadian child welfare services $5,000 to $10,000 per child (LavellHarvard and Lavell, 2006). These agencies rarely went beyond confirming the applicants ability to pay, resulting in nominal screening and monitoring of foster or adoptive parents (Fournier and Crey, 1997).In 1959, only one percent of all children in care were of Native ancestry. By the late mid-sixties, 30 to 40 percent of all legal wards of the state in Canada were Aboriginal children, even though they formed less than 4 percent of the national community (Fournier and Crey, 1997, p. 83). At the height of the Sco op, one in four status Indian children were separated from his or her parents for all or part of their childhood for non-status and Metis children, one in three spent part of their childhood as a legal ward of the state (Fournier and Crey, 1997).Social welfare policies allowed government agencies to continue to remove Aboriginal children from their homes and communities and toll Aboriginal culture and traditions all the while claiming to act in the outflank interest of the child (Johnson, 1983, p. 24). The permanent removal of thousands of Aboriginal children during the Sixties Scoop situated the foundation for more complex, destructive effects on First Nations communities and culture with repercussions extending beyond their lifetimes. Critical Social Work, 2010 Vol. 1, No. 1 55 Alston-OConnor Cultural racial extermination and Loss of Identity The loss of their children caused irrevocable mental, emotional and spiritual harm to individuals, families and communities. Indian child ren were taken away like souvenirs by professionals who were supposed to be back up the full-page family (Fournier and Crey, 1997, p. 91). The actions of child welfare workers destabilized traditional First Nations culture, quickly stereotyping Aboriginal women as unfit mothers and living off the land as uncivilized.Welfare agencies played a very important role in defining, transmitting and shaping what were seen as legitimate or normal heathen expectations and practices (Ward, 1984, p. 22). The acceptable home criteria reflected a nuclear, spunk class lifestyle. Once an Aboriginal child was placed, social agencies did not offer support to the newly formed families even though research has shown that transracial adoption is more problematic because children lose their cultural heritage and their true identity (Kulusic, 2005).Permanent estrangement from ones roots was inherent in the Sixties Scoop adoption structure. Aboriginal names, like postal codes, signify which First Nation s their family belongs to (Cuthand, 2007). With legal adoptions, childrens birth family names disappeared as the adoptive surname was issued on all records. waterproofing their case files erased any past family history and made repatriation nearly impossible for the adopted child and their grieving families. Some reserves lost almost an complete generation of their children to the welfare system (Johnson, 1983).Many children were placed in distant communities, exported to other provinces or across the US border to the homes of middle class white families (Kulusic, 2005). dispersal children across the continent undermined identification with the close-knit traditional Aboriginal culture and destroyed its kinship network. The legal rights of Aboriginal children were forgotten. With the erasure of their ancestry, the knowledge of being a treaty Indian child was suppressed. Special privileges available as a result of their Native status were lost through the apprehension and adoption touch (Kimmelman, 1985).In accordance with treaty rights, one might expect that child welfare agencies would place the child in a culturally appropriate environment, focussinged on healthy development as an Aboriginal child. Such considerations were routinely ignored (Kimmelman, 1985). This large-scale removal of Aboriginal children to non-native families throughout the 1960s and 1970s damaged the cultural legacy of all First Nations peoples. The long-term implementation and destructive intergenerational impacts of Canadian government policies during the Sixties Scoop are consistent with the United Nations definition for cultural genocide.Article 2 of the 1948 United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide defines genocide as, any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such killing members of the group causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of th e group deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group and forcibly transferring children of the group to another group ( place of the High Commissioner). Critical Social Work, 2010 Vol. 11, No. 1 56 Alston-OConnor Under the misguided goal of assimilation, Aboriginal children were forcibly relocated to non-Aboriginal communities. Placements with families who could not offer socialization within an Aboriginal framework of traditional knowledge and pride of heritage destroyed one of the most important intergenerational processes for cultural knowledge and continuity. Individual Suffering and the Plight of the Family Many of the legal adoptions throughout the 1960s and 1970s were unsuccessful.Alienated children became runaways, turned to street life for support and see an overwhelming sense of lost identity, a sense of social isolation greater t han that which they had experienced in the church-run schools (York, 1990, p. 205). Anxiety and culture shock were common after moving from remote, rural areas into suburban settings to live with strangers. Many children had difficulties developing attachments to their new parents, had an inability to assign and were distrustful (York, 1990). Some adults, adopted as children, reported physical, sexual and emotional abuses. Others were even treated as domestic servants (Fournier and Crey, 1997). Children are so highly determine in Aboriginal culture that those without children are considered disadvantaged (Johnson, 1983).Research confirms that Native families who nestleed child care agencies in search of help for funds to supply food and tax shelter ended up losing their children Often times they were only offered one option to relinquish custody of the child (Kimmelman, 1985, p. 196). Problems of alcoholism, emotional stress and low selfesteem were compounded with the change ma gnitude formal scrutiny and likelihood that other children would be removed from the family (Johnson, 1983). The actions of the social welfare agencies weakened the traditional family structure, and in doing so, weakened Aboriginal society as a whole (Johnson, 1983, p. 61). Implications for Social Work Practice Today Client Contexts The impact of the Sixties Scoop is multi-layered.Understanding the specific nature of this colonial oppression of Aboriginal peoples requires current social workers to incorporate a social justice perspective when addressing specific issues with Aboriginal clients. It provides insight into how the colonizing process has pressured people to detach from who they are notwithstanding left them with no means to alleviate the pressure (Hart, 2007, p. 27). In our role as counselors, this framework gives us the ability to reject assessment tools that merely label, modify and pathologize individual expression and relate these problems to the larger socio-politi cal reality (Hart, 2007). We are better prepared to commit how media stereotypes and social prejudices translate into everyday life for thousands of First Nations people.As Fournier and Crey (1997) note, the current generation is suffering the effects of hundreds of years of colonialist public policies. By situating the clients presenting problem in a societal context, we set the stage to identify strategies to offset the impoverishing effects of these social justice issues. As social workers, it is our ethical duty to look beyond individual risk factors and to change societys foundational inequalities and constraints (CASW, 2005). One of the ways to address the power imbalance between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal culture is to incorporate Critical Social Work, 2010 Vol. 11, No. 1 57 Alston-OConnor endemical knowledge.Battiste (2002) argues it can only be fully learned and understood when learned in context, taught through Indigenous teaching methods, including sharing circles, ex periential learning, meditation, prayer, ceremonies and story-telling. Thus social workers moldiness become familiar with and support traditional healing processes. Hart (2007) believes if the share professions respected Aboriginal perspectives, they would incorporate methodologies which directly address the effects of genocide, colonization and oppression. (p. 31). Native Elders have been speaking about kinds between individuals, families, communities and the world around them for generations. They can serve as role models for positive growth and well being (Hart, 2007).Their wisdom and knowledge can contribute support, direction and spiritual resources to aid both individual and collective problem solving and healing. Social workers moldiness take an active role in encouraging direct participation in rituals and ceremonies with First Nations clients. The blessing of an event, attending a sweat lodge or going to a sharing circle establish oneness within the group and have symb olic importance. Spirituality and connecting with ones roots play a powerful role in building a strong sense of Aboriginal identity and hope. These practices are not part of a theoretical approach designed by academics to help Indigenous Peoples.They are meaningful expressions of Aboriginal culture and need to be recognized as valid approaches within the helping process. Effective social work practice must support the self-determination of clients to choose traditional approaches and must not be limited by text theory or policy driven programs to resolve issues (Hart, 2007). Culturally Appropriate Practice Analysing the impacts of the Sixties Scoop is essential to changing the social realities for Aboriginal peoples today. Practicing from an anti-oppressive philosophy, our code includes identifying stereotyping and over generalizing. Misperceiving traditional practices can have a negative effect on the Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal working relationship.To counteract the colonial m entality of our Anglo-Canadian society, social workers must become knowledgeable about Aboriginal perspectives and how they are reflected in traditional and urban Aboriginal culture. Past personal and generational experiences are important as well as present events that will affect future generations (Hart, 2007). Social workers who work with Aboriginal clients must respect and appreciate their worldview. Openness and sensitivity to nuances related to culture, education, and ways of communicating are essential skills. Individuals must be self aware and alert to the possibility that the social workers own life experiences will affect the way they view this population (Levin and Herbert, 2004).Positive cultural attributes such as intergenerational strength of spirit and collective resilience are qualities to celebrate and build upon when social workers participator in the journey toward Aboriginal healing and community renewal. The cultural view of the collective is a magnetic core Aboriginal belief that affects social work practice. First Nations culture and communities place an honourable emphasis on kin and its strengths and meaning. Immediate family often includes extended family members and distant relatives. The community is seen as another extension of the family and call for to be included in any healing process. It is crucial to be aware of this collective belief and its manifestations within the community as it affects the language, the terminology and the focus used by the social Critical Social Work, 2010 Vol. 11, No. 1 58 Alston-OConnor orker with the client and their relatives when discussing issues and communicating about programs and options. Trust issues may be a concern when working with First Nations peoples. Research findings by Levin and Herbert (2004) identified fear and a lack of trust in health care settings due to disparity and stigmatizing actions. They also reported that Aboriginal women, in particular, lacked trust in health care workers, be it doctors or social workers, due to the inexperience of workers, lack of colloquy with patients, cultural insensitivity, and absence of knowledge or understanding of Native healing practices (Levin and Herbert, 2004).Often service providers have inadequate information about the experiences of living in poverty or the needs, perspectives, cultures and traditions of First Nations clients. Mistrust has grown out of lived experiences such as the Sixties Scoop. Lack of understanding of this influencing factor creates substantial barriers to the establishment of a trust-based relationship between service providers and clients. This lack of trust has implications when trying to develop or implement community based initiatives as trust is vital to its success (Levin and Herbert, 2004). legacy Lessons The destructive effects of the Sixties Scoop have important lessons for social workers today.Past mistakes in terms of the cultural context of First Nations children in care must not be repeated. Social workers uphold the fundamental child welfare principle that children should not be removed from their families solely on the basis of poverty. However, this core principle has not been equitably applied in provincial child welfare practices towards First Nations parents and children. The overrepresentation of First Nations children in care continues to be placed in nonAboriginal families (MacDonald and MacDonald, 2007). Caucasian families without cultural supports for Aboriginal children in their care may be unaware of how to address issues such as racism, prejudice and loss.As noted by Sinclair (2007) some(prenominal) studies found that a positive parental attitude towards the childs ethnic group, as well as some form of social liaison with that ethnic group in the familys life is significantly correlated with a childs positive adjustment and positive sense of identity (p. 70). While pride in the childs Aboriginal heritage can be encouraged when specific cultural involvement plans are in place, many agencies and communities do not have the personnel to share these traditions and values. In some regions, cultural identity considerations have led to the development of policies that prioritize positioning with extended family members or with foster care providers within the same community when children are removed from their parental home (McKenzie and Morrissette, 2003).The ongoing development of culturally appropriate child welfare services needs to include provisions for personal involvement with Aboriginal heritage languages, cultural traditions and values if apprehended children are to subjugate the alienation and identity loss experienced by Aboriginal children from the Sixties Scoop. Professional Training It is clear that the social work profession and the Schools of Social Work have not been neutral in the education and training that produced past social workers (MacDonald and MacDonald, 2007). Social workers Euro-centric ass umptions sanctioned the destructive role of child welfare agencies in relationship to Aboriginal culture. The governments assimilation goals Critical Social Work, 2010 Vol. 11, No. 1 59 Alston-OConnor for First Nations peoples were congruent with the professional criteria for the best interests of the child during the Sixties Scoop.MacDonald and MacDonald (2007) note that social work education programs today play a key role within the colonizing mentality of child welfare agencies. with a social justice lens, the Schools of Social Work need to examine their role in the colonial processes that continue to impact on First Nations people in this country (MacDonald and MacDonald, 2007, p 43). Social workers can be pro-active in calling for changes in their professional faculties. It is important to consider the method in which social work students are receiving their education. Tensions and stereotypes must be discussed openly. While the Sixties Scoop may be a potential factor in many of our clients lives, it is also one in many of our social work students lives. There is a need for supports to reflect on the needs of all Aboriginal students including those who know their culture, and those who are new to their culture, as well as those who practice tradition and those who were raised within the church (Clark, Drolet, Arnouse, Walton, Rene Tamburro, & Mathews, 2009, p. 305). Culturally applicable education, training and curriculum development are critical to help inform empowering approaches. The inclusion of Elders in the field education programs, incorporation of spirituality and ceremony into all classrooms and an emphasis on Aboriginal leaders facilitating these practices can provide deeper insight into the Aboriginal culture and its rich history. In addition to First Nations child welfare agencies and National First Nations organizations, the schools of Social Work need to play an active role in the development of culturally appropriate social work educatio n (MacDonald and MacDonald, 2007).They need to ensure that Aboriginal faculty teach decolonizing practices to all social work students. Recommendations on how to make the curriculum and the Schools of Social Work more reflective of and relevant to First Nations students needs must be implemented. As well, social worker associations need to advocate for future social work graduates to be equipped to partner with the Aboriginal community in their work toward social justice. During the Sixties Scoop, the basic principles of intrinsic human value and the right to self-determination were erased by a government intent on cultural genocide. By forcibly reassigning First Nations children to non-Aboriginal families, kinship affiliations were obliterated.Its multi-generational legacy of grief and loss in relation to family, identity, culture, heritage and community profoundly is still being felt today. As agents of child apprehension, social workers must examine their role in this tragedy and in the colonization of Aboriginal peoples. A commitment to implementing culturally relevant social work practice with First Nations clients is essential for the profession. We have the opportunity to critically evaluate current issues and to partner with members of the Aboriginal community in identifying best practices to challenge the myriad of social, political and personal issues that resulted from the Sixties Scoop.As progressive agents for social justice, it is one of our responsibilities to create changes to ensure that Aboriginal peoples and their communities have the appropriate resources to flourish and grow. Critical Social Work, 2010 Vol. 11, No. 1 60 Alston-OConnor References Armitage, A. (1995). Comparing the Policy of Aboriginal Assimilation Australia, Canada and ew Zealand. Vancouver UBC Press. Battiste, M. (2002). Indigenous knowledge and pedagogy in First ations education A literature review with recommendations. Prepared for the National working group on education and the Minister of Indian Affairs, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC). Ottawa, ON. Retrieved edge 9, 2010, from http//www. ainc-inac. gc. ca/pr/pub/krw/ikp_e. html. CASW (2005). Social work code of ethics. Ottawa Canadian Association of Social Workers.Clark, N. , Drolet, J. , Arnouse, M. , Rene Tamburro, P. , Walton, P. , & Mathews, N. (2009). Melqilwiye Coming Together in An Intersectional Research squad Using Narratives and Cultural Safety to Transform Aboriginal Social Work and Human Service Field Education. Pimatisiwin A Journal of Aboriginal and Indigenous connection Health 7. 2, 291-315. Retrieved March 10, 2010 from http//www. pimatisiwin. com/online/wp-content/ uploads/2010/jan/08ClarkeDroletArnouseMathews. pdf. Cuthand, D. (2007). Askiwina A Cree World. Regina Couteau paroles. Fournier, S. & Crey, E. (1997). Stolen From Our Embrace. Vancouver Douglas & McIntrye. Hart, M. (2007).Seeking Mino-Pimatisiwin An Aboriginal Approach to Helping. Halifax Fernwood Publi shing. Johnson, P. (1983). ative Children and the Child Welfare System. Toronto Lorimer. Kimmelman, E. (1985). o Quiet Place Final Report to the Honourable Muriel Smith, Minister of participation Services/Review Committee on Indian and Metis Adoptions/Placements. Winnipeg Manitoba Community Services. Kulusic, T. (2005). The Ultimate Betrayal Claiming and Reclaiming Cultural Identity. Atlantis, 29. 2, 23-28. Lavell-Harvard, D. M. & Lavell, J. C. (Eds. ). (2006). Until Our Hearts Are On The Ground Aboriginal Mothering, Oppression, Resistance and Rebirth. Toronto Demeter Press. Levin, R. & Herbert, M. (2004). The Experience of Urban Aboriginals with Healt Care Services in Canada Implications for Social Work Practice. Social Work in Health Care, 39. 1, 165-179. MacDonald, N. & MacDonald, J. (2007) Reflections of a Mikmaq social worker on a quarter of a century work in First Nations Child Welfare. First Peoples Child & Family Review, 3. 1, 34-45. Critical Social Work, 2010 Vol. 11, No. 1 61 Alston-OConnor McKenzie, B. & Morrissette, V. (2003). Social Work Practice with Canadians of Aboriginal Background Guidelines for Respectful Social Work. Envision The Manitoba Journal of Child Welfare, 2, 13-39. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Retrieved May 13, 2009. http//www. unhchr. ch/html/menu3/b/p_genoci. htm Sinclair, R. (2007). Identity Lost and Found Lessons from the Sixties Scoop. First Peoples Child & Family Review. 3. 1, 65-82. Titley, E. B. (1992). A arrow Vision Duncan Campbell Scott and the Administration of Indian Affairs in Canada. Vancouver University of British Columbia Press. Ward, M. (1984). The Adoption of ative Canadian Children. Cobalt Highway Book Shop. York, G. (1990). The Dispossessed Life and Death in ative Canada. Toronto Little Brown. Critical Social Work, 2010 Vol. 11, No. 1

Observations of Realists Essay

1) Are the observations of Realists, much(prenominal) as Hans Morgenthau, accurate in respect to their assessment of the immenseness of international fairness in contemporary world government activity? Realists such as Hans Morgenthau and more recently Lloyd Gruber, base their theories on the assumption individuals, and hence takes, arrange rationally to protect their own interests, the national interest. They believe invokes exist in a world of anarchy without an over arching authority. While this may be the case and it certainly is for some states, it is a theory that requires review within the context of the modern world and international law.In the world of bi-polar power during the frigid War, Morgenthaus views interpreted the global climate accurately, however it is right away short sighted in our time of globalization. Multi-National Corporations (MNC), Inter-Governmental Organisations (IGO) and Non-Government Organisations (NGO) play a very large case on the world stage and turn countries, economies and conflicts. Meanwhile younger theories are tending to consider the state and the worlds political climate as a holistic, interactive entity.Increased access to communication, social media and increased global wealth serve to provide an environment for a better financed and informed NGO. nevertheless even the UN, its efficacy being constantly brought into doubt, plays a vital role in establishing norms and standards with the global stake custodyers. These developing theories document our planets political interaction and knowledge and as such are constantly in a state of change. Sometimes in-sync with current standards such as international law and other times, non.Taking into account realism is one of the more established theories of international relations, we tolerate to also consider the global climate in which the theory was established and compare that to now. Hans Morgenthau was born in Coburg, Germany 1904 and experienced two world worlds. He and his predecessors experienced states as the only actors in world politics. The United demesne was exiting her great period of colonisation and was witnessing the unraveling of her empire. Meanwhile Germany was rebuilding and rising in global status.The world was experiencing a transition into industry and moving away from the handed-down agriculturally driven economies. Throughout this time, the average individuals existence was more concerned with subsistence. Overseas phone calls and intercontinental travel were beyond the average persons reach. The importance of setting the scene here is to understand globalisation was in its infancy. To understand this helps to shape the importance other actors in world politics play. Instant communications, the Internet and global travel have made the world a smaller place.Activists, such as Green Peace, can now cast states. So much so, the Rainbow Warrior, Green Peaces flagship, was sunk by the French spy agency, Directorate- General for External Security (DGSE), in July 1985, killing a photographer. This is an extreme example of NGO influence, yet it cannot be denied that to bomb a civilian ship highlights the pressure Green Peace was placing on the international stage. Realism does not take into account all variables acting upon the state in todays day and age.When established, realism existed in a time of strong state actors. Today, with the ending of the Cold War that line has blurred, NGOs etc have filled that void. To understand the motivation behind the establishment of these organisations helps us to understand the influence they have. For instance, Oxfam, Amnesty multinational and the like have their basis within a moral social consciousness. Therefore, its easy to see why theories, such as Social Constructivism, counselling on a world shaped by the influences of a nations shared beliefs, culture and values.As democracy extends further and nations adopt a capitalist model to fit into the glob al model, the demands to maintain a balanced, humane society increase. Governments feel this pressure and so, act accordingly. An argument by Social Constructionist such as Barnett and Finnemore is that IGOs have the real power. As I will show later using the US invasion of Iraq, governments still have the final secern on their actions, although IGOs, NGOs and MNCs play a very large role in influencing them.Having stated this, one may counter argue this implies it is still a state verses state environment (Realism), however, the world has still evolved into government verses government verses IGOs, NGOs and MNCs, henceforth realism cannot not explain the actions of governments alone and must consider the external influences. Constructivism does so, yet places the power into the hands of IGOs and the like. An alternative needs to be sought. Alternatives such as the European Union, which remains the most successful experiment in political institution-building since the act adult male War.Andrew Moravcsik goes on to say the EU cannot replace or aspire to the democratic status of nation states, yet their role remains embedded in monitoring accountability and extensive checks and balances upon its member states. Emerging actors such as the EU again demonstrate the changing environment and clearly indicate realist theories, must by reconsidered. Focusing on the institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, we can cite several occasions in which their influence has shaped global politics, whether for selfish or selfless motivations.The concept of pauperism alleviation was raised by the World Bank during the 1960s and saw the World Bank sell poverty alleviation to members through a mixture of persuasion and coercion. The Ford Foundation established a comprehend highlighting the successes of poverty alleviation and cited their own programs, many of which were to governmental organizations. The report also stated poverty alleviation pr ograms were ineffectual and implied corruption. Albeit, this report was funded by the Ford Foundation to report on its own programs, yet I was under the impression they were given freedom to report accurately.Even though the Ford Foundation was established by Henry Fords son, and not the company itself, it still represents the power and influence a MNC can exert. These reports are not controversial, but it does go towards forming an attend about governments and it is in this way influence is exerted. Furthermore, the actions of the Ford Foundation to fund relief programs, brings into question the effectiveness and validity of IGO programs. Probably the largest non-state actor is the United Nations (UN).Its governance covers many areas of international concern, United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF), World Food Program (WFP), United Nations Development Program (UNDP), United Nations High committee for Refugees (UNHCR), United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), etc. As a consequence, its membership is extensive. Whether the member states take their affiliation with the UN and its associated bodies seriously or whether they use them as a vehicle for their own means is irrelevant.In either case, the mere existence of this relationship affects the outcomes of global politics. While UN peace keeping missions and other protective cover programs are a subject for debate into the validity of the UN, it cannot be argued that President Bushs strives to have the invasion of Iraq sanctioned in 2003 was an attempt to the have the USs actions deemed as right within the eyes of the global audience. The fact the US then ignored the UNs recommendation is irrelevant, the mere attempt to legitimize the USs actions implies the states are now not the only actors within global politics.This occurrence in itself indicates in itself realism is becoming noncurrent and the need to consider a more holistic approach. While it can be argued the UN is an Inter-Governmental Organisation (IGO) and is therefore a part or rather a stage for governments to act upon. It must be noted the sovereignty of states, upon which realism is based, does not exist within the UN. The UN is a global entity upon which sovereign states are members, the UN in itself has now physical bounds and by its title, implies the uniting of nations as a common theme.The Neorealist and Structural Realism models may be more applicable in that they balance of power among states is considered in the UN forum, however, true Realist theories, such as those proposed by Morgenthau, are becoming less relevant based upon the increase in non-governmental actors. The development of the Realist theory and subsequent neo theories show a development of thinking and a mark of the time in which they were contrived. These theories cannot be accurate moving into the in store(predicate) as the benchmarks upon which they are based change with the development of the world, its technolo gy and its people.They can however, allow us to isolate specific elements of global relations, disregardless of the time they were developed. I foresee a more holistic approach to global government and non-governmental relationships develop. This will allow us to consider all of the relevant stakeholders while incorporating the best of each perspective, whether it comes from a sociological, economic or political basis. Realist theories are accurate to a degree regarding world politics, however the influence they now hold on international law and global governance has become less.The role of non-state actors, facilitated by the expansion of communications and travel, namely globalization, has given rise to organisations, which previously were unable to exist. Their power varies greatly within the influence they have upon governments of the world, yet they do influence. In a world where the occupants are more aware and hold their respective governments to account for their actions, these nations cannot afford to ignore the influence of the new players in the game.

The Raven Tpcastt

The Raven TPCASTT Title This poesy could be closely a multitude of things with the title Poe chose, but one thing that is clear is that it is ab out(p) a Raven. Judging from Poes other works, it is standardizedly about some kind of a rabid/demonic raven. Also, it is very likely that this Raven testament crucify someone in some unimaginable way that will destroy the person more so psychologically than physically. Paraphrase I was laying in my bedroom pondering life when I heard a knocking at my door. Maybe it is my dead wife Lenore.No, that washbowlt be it. It must just be someone coming by to visit me. I called down the hall apologizing for taking so long to answer the door, but no one was there. This sincerely freaked me out, so I called for Lenore, but again, there was no answer. I heard the knocking again, maybe its my window. I will check so I can confirm its darkness and not anything more than that. When I opened up my window a raven came flying in and landed above my do or. I decided to ask the raven his name, and his only response was nevermore. I was really freaked out and amazed that there was a fowl with the odd name of nevermore. The bird will for sure leave tomorrow, as everything else does. But the bird responded with nevermore. He must have just learned this word from a bitter owner or someone passing by. at that place is no way it can be speaking to me. So, I just sat back down in my bed to ponder this. Wow, he actually must be a gift from god. I have to ask him if I will ever exit Lenore. He responded with nevermore. If anything will the pain of Lenores death ever fade?But, the raven said nevermore. Will I ever be able to see my Lenore again, whether in this life or the afterlife? But, the raven said nevermore. Get out of my house Raven Get out of my house and get your beak out of my heart. But, the raven said nevermore. The raven wont leave and my soul will never be lifted and Ill never be happy. Connotation This poesy uses ma ny poetic devices. The first, and possibly most important, is point of view. Poe uses first person because during the time period this was extremely scary material.And putting the ratifiers directly into the narrators shoes did zilch but make up the fear factor. Also, unlike much literature of that time, Poe uses a lot of imagery to pull readers into story. Phrases such as tapping on my chamber door and describing the echo of his role give you a sense of auditory imagery. He deeply describes the looks of everything in the house from the birds crest to the shadows being cast on the floor. Lastly, he takes advantage of the tactile sense by describing the birds beak digging into his heart. Attitude Poe had a very depressing attitude toward this whole poem.He wrote it while his wife was dying of tuberculosis, a disease that had plagued him his entire life. Also, during this time he was very poor and wasnt having any success making it as a poet. He used this poem as a way to describ e how the demons in the world felt toward him. He used sad and depressing language throughout the poem to really convey to the reader what he was feeling at the time. Also, he uses a techhnique where the poem starts off making the reader think it is going to be a happy poem where he is reunited with his dead wife and they all live happily ever after.But instead, he is disappointed by a bird that is constantly telling him he will never be able to achieve true contentment. Shifts In the poem there are some, but not many shifts. The primary shifts semen at the beginning but then the poem almost stables out and stays fairly level. The poem starts off on a sense of tedium with him drifting off in his chair. Then there is a sense of excitement when there is a knocking at the door. Then it is hope and happiness that it could be Lenore. But then it goes back to boredom and almost curiosity when there is nothing but darkness at the door.He goes back to answer the window when he hears the knocking again which causes fear and excitement. When the bird flies in he is mostly scared and curious as to why the bird is there. There is next a sense of hope that this bird will be able to help him connect to his Lenore. From here on out it is almost nothing but anger at the bird as it refuses to say anything other than nevermore, and tells the narrator he is never going to be happy. Title After adaptation the poem my prediction was very close to correct.I did know that the bird would be torturing him. I didnt think that it would be in any way like he did, but that part was correct. Also, the bird was supernatural. Other than that, the entire story line was very different than what I had initially expected. Theme The theme of this poem is that ones own head can often be the cause of his misery or grief. The man continues to ask the bird questions when he knows exactly what the bird will say. Its almost as though he had wanted to be upset and was intentionally doing this to him self.

Pork Barrel Essay

I am an average teenager, but I am cognizant of what is happening in the nation. One of the big problem that our country encounters today is CORRUPTION. Pork Barrel is the appropriation of government spending for localized projects secured solely or primarily to bring money to a representatives district. The usage originated in American English. In election campaigns, the term is used in uncomplimentary fashion to attack opponents.The corruption in our country is passed by generation to generation. If we dont act now as an living individual the nigh generation would still suffer, just think our childrens future if we dont speak out or act out now. Yes, we do knuckle under taxes but whenever you see the road trails and the situation of the poverty? Would you be happy? Is it worth seeing?. As we respond to the call of the times, we can say that we ar all heroes. We are a nation of heroes resilient and staunch in the face of adversity, ready to fight against the evil that is the po rk barrel body. We are non only commemorating our fallen heroes we are all heroes in our own right, in our own little way.The real cause behind corruption is absence of a respectable justice system. Philippine justice is not credible, and most of the Filipino people are losing respect for it, because it cannot enforce the rule of legal philosophy against prominent characters and powerful corrupt government officials. Philippine justice is POLITICALLY ADULTERATED which means that it is more dominated by politicians who consider themselves the superior elites of bon ton at the expense of the rights of the common people.Its safe to say that their Glory days are long gone. When mostly the outsiders think that Philippines today is a semi semipolitical instability, economic struggle, crime, and corruption that often come to mind. As a Filipino citizen would you be proud to hear that? I think the answer is NO. When political leaders lie, cheat and slip, when public offices become pu blic curse especially in terms of graft and corruption, when public funds go to private pockets, consequently we begin to realize how cruel and disgrace this act behave done to our country. Because the politicians, are the most notorious abusers of the law where they feel they can simply steal the bounty of the people and cannot be make accountable for their wrongful acts. A changing nation?. Maybe changing for the worse, bribery, corruption, and plundering leaders. The trouble in our country is uncontrollable corruption and greed in the highest level we can imagine, but still we love our very own country Philippines. I could tell its corruption has become a humanitarian crisis and scandals increasingly to nominate the news.Thats why nowadays foreigners and citizens alike say that our country has the most corrupt leadership. The worsen action of corruption has eaten the right of every citizen to freedom, good governance, less poverty, having decent life and most of all having you r dignity, purity, and clean conscience. Corruption is a serious rampart to the social and economic status of the country. The biggest losers are the citizens or the Filipino people. In effect- the end users are made to pay for overpriced goods and services that are made with the low-quality or substandard goods and services being catered in our country. It is our right to demand real change, action and improvement from those who take our money from and spend it in our name. We have the right to stand in our own two feet for our own sake to see the real Freud.Sadly the corruption is not limited to just politicians and policemen. Everyone seems motivated by pure greed in the dog-eat-dog culture that has taken hold in the country. Lets give thanks to the Philippine justice system that they can control at will. Corruption is the gravest threat in our country. Political Donations has a big part in corruption as you can see, few people the donation being given during campaign in order to gain the vote, are you one of them? I hope not. The concentration of the small class of elite families, seen in combination with political donations, gives these families with undue advantage and this had led to concerns as to their undueinfluence on both Philippine politics and tune life.

Indian Economy: Adopting New Approach Essay

After independence, India chartered a path of sparing development based on tangled economy, building a new industrial structure around the public sector and a closely monitored, regulated and controlled system where government played the situation of licenser in the process of building industry. There were few hiccups in between. In the late 70s Mrs. Indira Gandhi brought in small doses of liberalization.In the mid 80? s Rajiv Gandhi did in like manner but the real change came in 1991 when economic crises were looming large on the horizon. Indias economy could be termed as a developing economy which is characterized by the coexistence, in greater or lesser degree, of utilized or unutilized manpower on the one hand and of unexploited and exploited natural resources on the other.A developing economy bears the common features of technological backwardness at low per capita income coupled by widespread poverty, heavy population pressure, low grade ingatheringivity, gritty unemploym ent, low level utilization of inelegants natural resources, rigid social structure, predominance of old beliefs, lack of opportunity for capital formation, pre-dominance of cultivation and sp atomic number 18 participation in international trade etc. But all this is amidst a possibility of economic development, small pockets of high rates of economic reaping and affluence.It is gain saying truth what the world economy has experienced that colonization directly lead to the exploitation of the colonized country by the colonial rulers. colonisation is as well as a factor for the underdevelopment of a countrys economy. India was a victim of the colonial feature of economic exploitation for more than hundred years. The British colonial exploitation in India potty be broadly divided in three periods. They argon (i) the period of merchandised capital, (ii) the period of industrial capital which leads to the peter out of Indian wealth for the interest of British industry and (iii) t he period of financial capital.During British period foreign capital flowed into India. However in real footing those capitals were not according to the proper needs of Indians and directly helped the capital product of Britishers. The overall impact of British rule in Indian economy can be summed up as stagnation of per capita income ever a long period of time, high priority to the traditional method of agricultural activities, repeated famines and tart poverty of handicrafts and traditional village industries defective land holding and erroneous implemen tation of zamindari practices etc.The basic aim of British administration in India was to transform Indian subcontinent as a consumer market for British furnished goods, Technological up gradation and development of cornerstone as well as social infrastructure were negligible. During the independence Indian economy had almost all the features of an underdeveloped economy. In the last fifty years of self-rule, a lot of policy i nitiative has been interpreted up by the government of India to upgrade the economic base of the country.Still Indian economy is gripped by poverty, population explosion, backwardness both in agriculture and industry, low grade technological development, high unemployment and wide difference between the high and low income levels. Now in India incidence of poverty is coexisting with modern nuclear technology. The policy measures taken within the last five decades metamorphosed Indian economy to break the stagnant per capita income to achieve self sufficiency in solid food grain production. Indian economy is a unique blend of public and private sector otherwise k at presentn as a mixed economy.It is also a dualistic economy both modern industry and traditional agricultural activities exist side by side. The mandatory economic rights which the Constitution promises are (i) equality of opportunity unemployment or appointment to every office irrespective of race, caste and sex, (ii) al l the citizens of India shall have property or carry on any occupation, trade or business, (iii) right to acquire private property by the state with compensation paid under the procedure established by law, iv) eschew on begging, child labour and trafficking of human beings.The federal economic structure of India includes the central government and the state government within a unitary system. Demarcations of responsibilities are divided between the central and state governments. However, the residuary power is vested with the central government. Besides finance commission, other economic commissions are set up by the central government time to time to look after the parity of resources distribution among the states.Annual budgets (both general and railway) and five year plans aye the backbone of Indias economic policy initiatives. Indian Economy since Independence-After Indias independence long spell of stagnation was broken with the introduction of economic planning. Since 1950s net national product at factor cost had arisen from Rs. 40,454 crore to 11,224 crores in 1999-2000. The growth of national income was 3. 8 percent. Indias per capita income has been running since 1950-51. Indias per capita income at current price was Rs. 160, 47.Apart from the growth in quantitative terms, there have been significant changes in Indias economic structure since independence. During the second plan priority was acceded to capital intensive manufacturing units. These industries now account for more than fifty percent of the industrialproduction. The transport system in India over the past four decades has grown both in terms of force and modernization. Then road network is one of the largest in the world as a result of spectacular development of roads under various lanes.The match road length comprising national high ways state high ways and other road accounted for 24. 66 lakhs km in 1996-97 progress of shipping, railways and urbane aviation has equally been impress ive. Though the country is presently facing an energy crisis but this sector has also gained much in termsof production. Similarly irrigation facilities in the country have increased raising irrigated area. Since independence significant reformation has taken place in the banking and financial sector ofIndia.The process of nationalization was initiated after independence. frontmost the Reserve Bank was nationalized in 1949, thereafter in 1995 the Imperial Bank of India, a leading commercial bank of that time, was nationalized and renamed the State Bank of India. In 1969 fourteen big commercial banks were nationalized. This act of government undermined thecontrol of big capitalists on the finance capital. From the above argument we can conclude that the Indian economy is no prolonged caught in low levelequilibrium trap.

Women in Sports 19th and 20th Century

Jen Pearlstein December 2, 2010 Kin 305 Women in Sports nineteenth and 20th century Womens participation in boasts has changed over the centuries. In ancient times, men dominated societies. Women were viewed as the caretaker, a exitr for life. Women who did embark were criticized and were thought of as threatening. In 18th century America, women were considered inferior to men because of the belief that women are the weaker sex. A cleaning ladys purpose in life was to take care of the house, children, and husband.When they did destiny to participate in recreational sport, they need to be able to negotiate with men and with other women because societies did not make it easy for women to participate. For example, there was a woman who cute to go sailing, but to do so she needed to deal with the owner of the boat, her husband and a neighboring couple, who was to accompany her, to do so. By the 19th century, there was a cultural shift for women. Women became frustrated with their r ole in society as house -keepers and caretakers and wanted to experience more with their life.They wanted to track rearingal and athletic opportunities to expand their role outside the home. At that time, however, there was opposition towards women participating in sports and receiving an education because they believed it would cause damage to their reproductive organs. Also, it was believed that sport developed manliness, a trait women should not process. But when women were given an education, it was shown that they could handle the ability to endure rigors of education, which helped them form a sense of independence and help provide athletic opportunities.Because of these growing opportunities, exercise for women became very popular and gained credibility. Catherine Beecher was one influential person in regards to physical education for women. She and Dioclesian Lewis developed the 1st women physical education programs to promote womens health. They developed what is known as calisthenics, which is similar to Pilates. Colleges like, Wellesley College, started to require calisthenics and sports as part of their curriculum.Among the wealthy, outdoor activities such as archery, tennis, and golf became creditable and evolved into national associations, which sponsored the first national championships for women in those sports. Senda Berensons introduction of basketball to women in 1892 caused coeducational colleges, womens colleges, and other schools to organize womens teams across the unify States. The three women who plotted the initial course of physical education and athletic competitions were Blanche M Thrilling, Mabel Lee, and Agnes Wayman.They were the leaders of womens participation in variation. However, Thrilling did provide the near leadership of the group. She organized a meeting to discuss the participation of women in sport. During this meeting the Athletic Conference of American College Women (CWA) was formed. However, they did not support the intercollegiate athletics for women. The reason why they opposed to intercollegiate athletics was because it led to professionalism, it was expensive, required coaches, and it led to nerve fatigue according to the organisation.Because of the opposition of intercollegiate athletics for women, a way for them to compete against another school was through play days or sport days. Three or more colleges would meet for competition and would destine themselves up into teams without the school colors. This was the only form of intercollegiate competition that was available for women. These play day and sport days caused an increase in the involvement of women in sporting events.This led to the formation of organizations like the national committee on Womens Sports, to provide rules and standards for athletic participation for women and girls. The AAU, Amateur Athletic Union, which was under the train of men, took control over womens athletics. This stirred up conflict amongst physic al educators and other leaders like, Lou Henry Hoover, Blanche Thrilling, and Agnes Wayman who opposed the AAU control and wanted women to govern the organization not men.They were against it because only women could understand the psychological, motivational, and physiological need for women. (Costa & Guthrie, 91) Lou Henry Hoover was the leader of the National Amateur Athletic Federation, which was an organization that supported sport for everyone. She wanted to have a separate Womens division because of the different ideal standards of womens sport and so was formed the womens division of the NAAF. This organization wad standards for womens competition and encouraged them to participate in both school and non-school events.There still was a belief that women were too frail physically and mentally to participate in intense competition like Olympics. However, in 1932, Mildred Babe Didrikson disproved this belief by winning two Olympic gold laurels and one silver medal in track and field. She had also won every golf tournament she competed in. Her great victories influenced the acceptance of higher- level competition, but there were still limitations due to the stroke that sport build manliness, and therefore, women shouldnt participate because it would strip their femininity.Because of discrimination, women did not have as much financial support and training opportunities as men did. It was not until the 1960s, during the feminist movement, that women fought for equal rights. This caused a great influence for women and sports. There was the approval of inclusion of intercollegiate sport and the establishment of national championship for golf, gymnastics, track and field, badminton, swimming, diving, volleyball and basketball. But what really caused a growth of womens athletics, was the result of Title IX of the Educational Amendment Act of 1972.This law was passed to eliminate sex discrimination in sports. This act provides equal opportunities for fina nces, coaching, and facilities. There was much growth of womens athletics from ancient times to today. Even though you can still notice gender biases amongst womens athletics since mens sport are still more popular than the womens, there are more opportunities and more organizations sponsoring womens involvement and less discrimination than before.References Costa, Margaret D, & Guthrie, Sharon D. ( 1994). Women and Sport Interdisciplinary Perspectives. USA D. Margaret Costa and Sharon R. Guthriex Hutchens, Lisa C. (1998). Gender Equity Collegiate Sports The Role of Athletic Associations. Initiatives (Washington D. C),v. 58 no. 4. Retrieved from File///Users/Jen/Downloads/HWWilsonRecords. hypertext mark-up language Metchikoff, Robert A. (2010) A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education From Ancient Civilizations to the Modern World. Boston, MA McGraw- Hill.

Foreshadowing in a Man for All Seasons

In the play A Man for All Seasons, foreshadowing is used to hint at the destruction of doubting doubting doubting doubting Thomas More. Foreshadowing is a warning or indication of a future event. The foreshadowing shows through quotes from various characters end-to-end the play and even from Thomas More. mogul heat content wishes to divorce his current wife Catherine to be with a nonher wo humankind, but divorce is against the Catholic Church. In this case, King Henry needs all in all the support he can get to override the law of the church. He even goes as out-of-the-way(prenominal) as to start his own church and be the head of it.Thomas More cannot support King Henrys divorce though because Thomas is devoted to the Catholic Church and its laws. He is a man who stands by his beliefs. This causes trouble with King Henry and all the men who support him. In the end, Thomass friends betray him and he dies. Many quotes from Thomass shop steward, Thomas More, and King Henry foreshad ow Thomas Mores death in A Man for All Seasons. Thomas Mores oath to God is how he identifies himself and it is very important to him.While Thomas is a very honest and pure man, his steward makes a comment saying, My master Thomas More would give anything to anyone. Some say thats good and some say thats bad, but I say he cant help it and thats bad. Because some day someones going to ask him for something that he wants to keep and hell be out of practice (Bolt 1. 17). The steward says this right after Rich takes the silver cup Thomas gives to him. The silver cup is a bribe a woman gives to Thomas, but Thomas does not accept bribes. The steward shows how kind Thomas is by not accepting the bribe and giving the bribe away.This quote foreshadows Thomass death, because the steward is predicting how King Henry will ask Thomas to support his divorce. The steward notes how Thomas would do in force(p) about anything for anyone, but Thomas will not be able to support the divorce because Thomas cannot give away his oath to God. This causes King Henry to build up resentment towards Thomas which leads to Thomass death. Thomas believes his ending to not support the divorce will not cause any real trouble with him and King Henry, but Thomas is very wrong.Although Thomas does not yet know he will die, he foreshadows his own death by saying, Set your mind at rest- this is not the embarrass of which martyrs are made (Bolt 1. 60). This quote is very significant because it shows Thomass ignorance and how much he underestimates the cruelty of his fellow friends and men in general. Thomass wife, who possesses much common sense, is very concerned, and she realizes before Thomas that King Henry will not simply let Thomas get away with his decision. Thomas is happy with his decision though, because he has stayed true to himself and to God.Thomas knows the only person he will judge is himself if he goes against his beliefs. Although King Henry is not pleased, Thomas believes he will not be bothered by the issue of the divorce again, but it does not go away as he hoped it would. Once Thomas realizes he has caused real trouble by his decision, he believes his silence will prove his innocence. This shows that Thomas stays ignorant throughout the play until he realizes how far King Henry is willing to go to prove his authority when Thomas is placed in prison under false charges.Even though Thomas thinks his decision will not cause any chaotic problems, King Henry hints that it will, even before Thomas comes to this conclusion. Henry tries to be polite at head start and discuss the issue of the divorce with Thomas in person. When King Henry realizes Thomas is going to stand by his decision, King Henry says, No opposition, I say No opposition Your conscience is your own affair but you are my Chancellor There, you have my word Ill leave you out of it. further I dont take it kindly, Thomas (Bolt 1. 56).Although King Henry tells Thomas that he will leave him out of the divorce issue, King Henry foreshadows Thomass death by also saying he does not take Thomass decision lightly. Thomas does not childs play this though, so he feels that he and the King have come to a truce. Even though King Henry understands Thomass devotion to the Catholic Church, he will not let Thomas go without a fight. Once King Henry gets his divorce and starts his own church, England severs its connection with Rome. This causes Thomas to dispense with as Lord Chancellor. Thomass action only adds fuel to King Henrys fire.Thomas believes by staying silent on where he stands with his beliefs, he will not be punished for anything. In the end, King Henry decapitates Thomas for not choosing his side. Thomass death is foreseen many times throughout the play. The steward predicts that because of Thomass kind nature, he will one day be asked for something he will not want to give up. This foresight is proven true as King Henry asks Thomas to support a divorce that goes ag ainst Thomass beliefs. Thomas foreshadows his own death by underestimating the impact his decision will have on his community.Thomas believes that his decision to not support the divorce will irritate King Henry and his followers, but lastly they will get over his choice. King Henry proves Thomas wrong as he throws Thomas in prison for made-up charges and later on decapitates him. Lastly, King Henry hints at his plans for Thomass death when he mentions how he does not take Thomass decision kindly. Readers see just how unkindly King Henry takes Thomass choice when he orders someone to kill Thomas. Foreshadowing is a key tool used in A Man for All Seasons in order to help readers predict Thomas Mores unfair death.

Cesare Lombroso

Cesargon Lombroso was the founder of the Italian School of Positivist Criminology. He rejected the established Greco-Roman School, which held that offense was a characteristic trait of human nature and that rational choices were the foundation of behavior. Lombroso, using a scientific approach and concepts drawn from physiognomy, early eugenics, psychiatry, and Social Darwinism, argued that transgression was inherited, and that the born criminal could be set by physical defects, which confirmed a criminal as savage, or atavistic. While his particular identifying characteristics are no longer considered valid, the idea of factors that predispose certain individuals to commit crime continues to be foundational to be given in criminology. Together with his emphasis on the scientific method, this revolutionary approach has earned Lombroso the title father of scientific criminology He was later forced to considerably alter his views after extensive study of the phenomenon of Eusapia P alladino, a storied spiritualist. He later wrote, I am ashamed and grieved at having opposed with so much perseverance the possibility of the so-called spiritistic facts.Cesare Lombroso was famous in the nineteenth century be flummox he claimed to nurse discovered the ca rehearse of crime and wrote books. In these books, Lombroso claimed that anatomical investigations of the post mortem bodies of criminals revealed that they were physically different from normal people. He maintained that criminals obligate stigmata (signs), and that these stigmata consist of abnormal dimensions of the skull and jaw. Lombroso even claimed that different criminals have different physical characteristics which he could discern.In time, and under the regularize of his son-in-law, Guglielmo Ferrero, Lombroso included the view that social factors were also problematic in the causation of crime and that all criminality is not inborn. Born criminals were thus viewed by in his earliest writings as a p ut to work of human sub-species. In his later writings, however, he began to regard them less as evolutionary throwbacks and more than in terms of arrested development and degeneracy. He popularized the notion of a born criminal through biological determinism criminals have particular physiognomic attributes or deformities.Physiognomy attempts to estimate character and personality traits from physical features of the face or the body. In Lombrosos view, whereas approximately individuals evolve, the violent criminal had devolved, and therefore constituted a societal or evolutionary regression. He change state on a purported scientific methodology in order to identify criminal behavior and sequester individuals capable of the most violent types of crime. He advocated the study of individuals using measurements and statistical methods in compiling anthropological, social, and economic data.With successive research and more thorough statistical analysis, he modified his theories. H e continued to trace atavistic stigmata, and in addition, he identified two other types of criminal the insane criminal, and the criminaloid. Although insane criminals quality some stigmata, they were not born criminals rather they became criminal as a result of an alteration of the brain, which totally upsets their moral nature. Among the ranks of insane criminals were kleptomaniacs and child molesters.Criminaloids had none of the physical peculiarities of the born or insane criminal and became involved in crime later in life, and tended to commit less serious crimes. Criminaloids were further categorized as habitual criminals, who became so by contact with other criminals, the abuse of alcohol, or other distressing circumstances. He was also an advocate for humane treatment of criminals, arguing for the removal of atavistic, born criminals from society for their own and societys protection, for replenishment for those not born criminal, and against capital punishment.His wo rk was always hampered by his Social Darwinist assumptions. In particular, he held the pre-genetic mood of evolution as progress from lower life forms to higher life forms together with an assumption that the more advanced human traits would dispose their owners to living peacefully within a hierarchical, urbanized society out-of-the-way(prenominal) different from the conditions under which human beings evolved. In attempting to predict criminality by the shapes of the skulls and other physical features of criminals, he had in effect created a new pseudoscience of forensic phrenology.While he was a pioneer of scientific criminology, and his work was one of the bases of the eugenics movement in the early twentieth century, his work is no longer considered as providing an commensurate foundation for contemporary criminology. However, psychiatry and abnormal psychology have retained his idea of locating crime completely within the individual and utterly divorced from the surrounding social conditions and structures. Lombroso developed the concept of the atavistic, or born, criminal, based on anthropometric measurements.Although the scientific validity of the concept has been questioned by other criminologists, Lombroso is still ascribe with turning attention from the legalistic study of crime to the scientific study of the criminal. This new scientific criminology valued the experimental method based on empirically discovered facts and their examination. The knowledge gained was to be achieved carefully, over time, through imperious observation and scientific analysis. In his later work, He was noted for advocating humane treatment of criminals and limitations on the use of the death penalty.

Indigenous Tradition Essay

In the obsolete existence have mistaken about their tradition Indigenous originality or occurring natur totallyy (country, region etc) To be indigenous family relationship (relation to one another) and location(connection of particular place) Indigenous religion beliefs, experience and practices concerning non-falsifiable realities of wad who have kinship and location Syncretism Syncretism merging of elements from contrastive religions. Eg north Ameri crapper tradition have been influenced by Christianity, some Afri atomic number 50 rites ar influences by Islam. * Change occurs everywhere.* Traditions ar less authentic (accurate) than thousands year ago Indigenous can be found anywhere * Anishinaubae drumming ceremony in Toronto * Yoruba Funeral rites in London * Maori Purification ritual in opera kinsfolk Sydney Australia Misconceptions * Common to Indigenous traditions is colonialism * Oglala (Indigenous familiarity) a theorist rationalizeed them as warriors without weapons basically they were unequal to(p) to adapting a hot economy lifestyle they foc employ on how to make them modern Indians * Out stancer neediness insider knowledge.* Scholars often used terms such(prenominal) as fetish, myth, mana, taboo to explain Indigenous traditions. * Eg Indigenous stories argon called myth where the bible is considered to be true. Primitive Cultures that ar un limitingd from the beginning primitive Christians, who believed in immortal and their tradition, had superiority and began to spread their religion to who didnt know about gospel Indigenous traditions argon tip to think more primitive Due to non-literate * But writing to not better than oral discourse * Mayan did use writing * Most Indigenous passel ar very literate.Indigenous tradition are tend to think more primitive consider everything to be sacred (untrue) * Eg Navajo ceremony that transforms normal house into a scared place. So everything such as take, sleeping is considered to be sacred. * Australian aborigine knows where to pray(know the dissimilarity between sacred and non sacred mussinesss) Primitive term is now disagreeing by more scoloars mohawk and Cree (Dr Clare Brant) Mohawk Indigenous traditions who give more food to their guest to figure their wealth. Cree Indigenous tradition who eat all the food offered to show scarcity.These two traditions did not go well together and this shows that Indigenous traditions are different from each other. Another point is that we reveal other cultures according to our own cultures. Gender roles * Male hunt and warfare * Female healing and food preparation * Maori carvers were men and weavers were women. Bunu men frow cotton and women turn it into clothes. * some sentences the roles switch just like other traditions * Usually religions practices are different for men and woman too. strength of speech Oral speaking is very imp for Indigenous traditions things are passed down oraly. umpteen people think or al primitive (untrue).Both Quran and Bible was passed down orally before write into text Stories After life * Kewa a man decrees a tunnel where his dead people wre alert together and they gave them many things and asks him not to speak of it. When he goes and secure everyone about the tunnel, he breaks the promise and when he returns the tunnel is gone. * Anishinaubae three-year-old man fiance died, and he go on a journey to find her and when he found her , he returns home heartbroken, keeping his promise. * These stories tell us about importance of relationships tell us about how we should live than about dying Writing stores often fixed in time.Trickster * Considered as culture heroes because they are the central figures in many stores * Usually shape break of hang usually into animals * Can change genders sometime biological and sometime just clothes changing * outer(a) form is reflected into infidelity * They can appear as fools, selfish, kind, scandalous etc. * Usuall y driven by self interest alone * Trickster stores show us how we should behave and how we should not * The stories often explain the origins of world and connect to a community more deeply. * Embodies the extremes of mercifulity human weakness and strength act (rituals).Indigenous tradition rituals are very similar to our traditions * Rituals remind us on what is imp in our life. * In religious terms, rituals, communicate some slipway with gods, ancestor and flavor up. * Rituals are roots in the human needs and relationship Rituals * Every rituals varies * Usually involves food Muslim and Jews have specific food eating habits * Many Buddhist set food portions aside for ancestors * Anishinaubae say small amount of food for the spirits * Some rituals are more complicated * Such as marriage, death, birth * Sometimes these rituals mark translation and sometimes they help to bring the transformation about.* Indigenous tradition rituals serve in some ways to recreate some aspects of the world, order and life Journey * Going on a journey/ invite rites of passage * Journey to a new place is where a transformation occurs. * The person returns home with physiological change, such as tattoo, scar or a carcass part to typeize their new self. * Pondos move into a special hut to become sacred healers- if they go into town before they must be covered in white * White usually symbolize the color of transformation in Africa * Anishinaubae wad quest yong man travels far away from home besides with water and be recognizely alone. accordingly late he become a adult man and comes home with food and the ritual is complete . Sacrifice Mel Gibson sacrifices in Indigenous traditions are vey common Bear sacrifice raise a young cub, and raise it for two day and kill it. Head is emptied and filled with flowers and then the animal is cooked and eaten. They think that the wear down is the golds spirit and they see it as freeing the spirit. Sun dance dance manger days a nd community provide support. Some sun dance involves sacrifice . the pole and lodge are buil to show the creation of the world Nuer sacrifice ox for healing.Xhosa when a woman fall ill the community gathers and kill a cow and do many rituals. This is due their thinking that the ancestor or spirit is angry with the women. * above rituals shows the involvement of community even though there is sacrifice involved. * The rituals ultimately brings people together * Sacrifice like rituals create order and meaning * Those rituals join people to the past and serve to current situation Cultural Expression What you see is not always what you get Art in Indigenous traditions is aout relationship objects are coonected to people Weaving * Intertwine and connect * Weavers work together , serving one another , passing knowledge. * Shows alignments among people Maori Tradition * all told weavers are female * A fille is said all about weaving more said more discouraged if people power saw true commitment then they let the girl into whare pora(caretakers of the weaving) * Whare pora have rules no sex before dying, no food allowed during weaving, special garment should be weaved during the day and not strangets can view the weaving * conventional colors black, red and white * Sacred thread is sewed on all garments to show the bond Underlying cloth * Clothing declare who we are and how we fit into social fabric * Has two side can hide much as it reveals and help us create a public example * Lady gaga he masks and clothes hide part of her but also reveals her identity that she wishes to show * Special clothes are associated with imp rituals * Bunu believes that the special clothes are kind of womb, enveloping the body as like a fetus is being born. Clothing only wears it does not die old cloth is replaces by new, as old spirits is reborn Spirit basket * Oldest arts * In pomo community men makes the heavy basket for hunting and fishing * Women were responsible for religious baskets.* Mable mckey was a traditional healer in pomo community and famous basket weaver in the world. drapes * Masks are used in imp rituals wedding , funerals, hunting celebration etc * Masks are ment to ring spirit into the community lesser deities (gods) * Mask represent certain animals does not mean they worship the animal * Epa mask in Yoruba community exceedingly heavy show the strength require to dance with the mask and enter the adult hood with responsibility. * Carvers are usualy male Totem poles * in truth specific to each communities * Function of totem poles also varies in each tradition.* Meaning varies serve as a supporting structure or grave makers and other as a symbol for power * Most also tell stories such as historical, achievements and religious * Grizzly bear at the base holding a human represents self-preservation or survival. Moko * Maori carvings are less likely to be displayed out-of-door the original physical context * Moko tattoos * In th e beginning the women were only allowed tattoos around their lips and chin where men can have tattoos all over their face * Moko story remind the Maori people their ancestor and importance of encounter ones obligation and treating one another with respect Ancestoral House.* Marae Maori religious and social home. Site of wedding , funeral, celebration. * Authority is held by community elders where they use the space to pass n traditions, stories and arts, carving, weaving. * If the artist when wrong painting the place, they could be put to death. * Location is very imp it must be located in a place where the preceding generation carried out the religious and social activities. * Whare Whakairo physical form which represents the body of the ancestor * The building is divide into body parts of the ancestor Three points and Shrine * Some traditions are very plain, harder for an outsider to see * Three issues * Most rituals are performed outside * Think bout the function of religious structures that are used in the rituals * What you see is not often what you get * Mbari shrine represents the founder of the community, a great healer and was forced to flee because they were attacked by another community. Elder stands her to protects the shrine all the time. * The guard signify the change modern development Hogans * Navajo Hogan traditional living space as well as the site for many rituals. * It is the site for daily activities and some are religious and some are not * Before new Hogan is occupied a song is performed.* Known as Blessing way ceremony four divining earth, mountain woman, water woman, corn woman also the song speaks everyday things * According to them world is structure Hogan All these things symbolizes * Link btw past and present * Btw community and place * Btw our world and world of spirits Colonialism * Colonialism process where people from one place maintain a settlement in another and to the effects of people who were already there. * Changes include subjugation or removal , new laws, social practices and new economy. * Power and profit are factors that drive colonialism.* Religion is also one of the reason Colombus * He destroyed a community Arawaks * He wanted to tell him where the gold was people who gave him gold were left alive and people who didnt were killed(by acetous hands) * Then he realized that the most valuable are the people, so he sent them butt to Europe by the boat land. Genocides * 20 million African were taken as slave and only 11 million returned * 96% od aboriginals were dead in Australia * factors of depopulation military action, torture, starvation, suicide and slavery. * More aboriginals are killed when the Americans want more land Masters of continent * As settler population growed the indigenous population reduced less friendly for land * Terra nullius no ones land was the phrase that European settlers used no owner ship primitive they do not count as people Conversion * Many switch ov ered to different religion due to colonialism * In Indonesia indigenous tradition is not recognized by lay so all are counted as muslim liberation of religion * Europeans tried to convert them into chistianity rarely worked * Europeans used military strengeth and religion our people is tronger because our god is stronger * Missionaries.* Also sometimes the colonial governance made the indigenous religion illegal * Eg potlatch and sundance was made illegal ? Die to the felf harm and economic blow is potlatch(poverty) * Colonialism lead to patriarchy The potlatch * Feast that are hosted by a family and hosting family presents the guests with gifts * Demonstrate hospitality and redistributing wealth. Loss of voice communication * Colonialism language disappeared forever * 20 languages extinct * when communities died, the languages died with them * childrens were forbidden to speak their own languages Stolen generation Loss of Land* Many religious and indigenous land were taken and was destroyed * Two problems that non-indigenous people had * Very common belief, no specific belief and are mostly about practice * Religion such as Christians can pray anywhere but indigenous people had to pray at a specific site Identity (the sympols of indeginous people in sports) * Cleveland Indians play at Atlanta braves its a reminder of ongoing colonialism that has been taken from the indigenous people. * Indigenous oriented names eskimo pie to market the products evoke a primitive stereotype that is best suited for the product *.