History and Inventors of Beds and Mattresses

A bed is a piece of furniture upon which a person may recline or sleep, in many cultures and for for many centuries the bed was considered the most important piece of furniture in the house and a type of status symbol. Beds were used in ancient Egypt as more than a place for sleeping, beds were used as a place to eat meals and entertain socially. The Mattress Among the earliest beds were simple, shallow boxes or chests in stuffed or layered with soft bedding. Later, ropes or strips of leather were suspended across a wooden framework to create a soft basis to sleep on. By the 15th century, most beds were built upon these straps of support over timber. The mattress itself evolved to be a sort of bag filled fiber like straw or wool, and then covered in common, inexpensive cloth. In the mid 18th century, the cover became made of quality linen or cotton, the mattress cane box was shaped or bordered and the fillings available were natural and plenty, including coconut fibre, cotton, wool, and horsehair. The mattresses also became tufted or buttoned to hold the fillings and cover together and the edges were stitched. Iron and steel replaced the past timber frames in the late 19th century. The most expensive beds of 1929 were latex rubber mattresses produced by the very successful Dunlopillo. Pocket spring mattresses were also introduced. These were individual springs sewn into linked fabric bags. Waterbeds The first water-filled beds were goatskins filled with water, used in Persia more than 3,600 years ago. In 1873, Sir James Paget at St. Bartholomews Hospital presented a modern waterbed designed by Neil Arnott as a treatment and prevention of pressure ulcers (bed sores). Waterbeds allowed mattress pressure to be evenly distributed over the body. By 1895, a few waterbeds were sold via mail order by the British store, Harrods. They looked like, and probably were, very large hot water bottles. Due to lack of suitable materials, the waterbed did not gain widespread use until the 1960s, after the invention of vinyl. Murphy Bed Murphy Bed, the bedding idea of 1900 was invented by American William Lawrence Murphy (1876 to 1959) from San Francisco. The space-saving Murphy Bed folds into a wall closet. William Lawrence Murphy formed the Murphy Bed Company of New York, the second oldest oldest furniture manufacturer in the United States. Murphy patented his In-A-Dor bed in 1908, however, he did not trademark the name Murphy Bed.

Half-Way Covenant Inclusion of Puritan Children

The Half-Way Covenant was a compromise or creative solution used by 17th century Puritans to include children of fully converted and covenanted church members as citizens of the community. Church and State Intermixed The Puritans of the 17th century believed that only adults who had experienced a personal conversion—an experience that they were saved by God’s grace—and who were accepted by the church community as having signs of being saved, could be full-covenanted church members. In the theocratic colony of Massachusetts this also usually meant that one could only vote at a town meeting and exercise other citizenship rights if one was a full covenanted church member.  A half-way covenant was a compromise to deal with the issue of citizenship rights for the children of fully covenanted members. Church members voted on such church questions as who would be a minister; all free white males of the area could vote on taxes and a minister’s pay. When Salem Villages church was being organized, all males in the area were permitted votes on church questions as well as civil questions. The issue of a full and half-way covenant was possibly a factor in the Salem witch trials of 1692 - 1693. Covenant Theology In Puritan theology, and in its implementation in 17th century Massachusetts, the local church had the power to tax all within its parish, or geographic boundaries. But only some people were covenanted members of the church, and only full members of the church who were also free, white and male had full citizenship rights. Puritan theology was grounded in the idea of covenants, based on the theology of the covenants of God with Adam and Abraham, and then the Covenant of Redemption brought by Christ. Thus, the actual membership of the church comprised the people who joined through voluntary compacts or covenants. The elect—those who by God’s grace were saved, for the Puritans believed in salvation by grace and not works—were those who were eligible for membership. To know that one was among the elect required an experience of conversion, or experience of knowing that one was saved. One duty of a minister in such a congregation was to look for signs that a person wanting full membership in the church was among the saved. While good behavior didn’t earn a person’s entrance into heaven in this theology (that would be called by them salvation by works), the Puritans believed that good behavior was a  result  of being among the elect. Thus, being admitted to the church as a fully covenanted member usually meant that the minister and other members recognized that person as one who was pious and pure. Half-Way Covenant: A Compromise for the Sake of the Children To find a way to integrate children of fully covenanted members into the church community, the  Half-Way Covenant  was adopted.   In 1662, Boston minister Richard Mather wrote the Half-Way Covenant. This permitted the children of fully covenanted members to also be members of the church, even if the children had not undergone a personal conversion experience. Increase Mather, of Salem witch trials fame, supported this membership provision. Children were baptized as infants but could not become full members until they were at least 14 years old and experienced a personal conversion.  But during the interim between the infant baptism and being accepted as fully covenanted, the half-way covenant allowed the child and young adult to be considered part of the church and congregation – and part of the civil system as well. What Does Covenant Mean? A covenant is a promise, an agreement, a contract, or a commitment. In Biblical teachings, God made a covenant with the people of Israel – a promise – and that created certain obligations on the part of the people. Christianity extended this idea, that God through Christ was in a covenanted relationship with Christians. To be in covenant with the church in covenant theology was to say that God had accepted the person as a member of the church, and thus included the person in the great covenant with God. And in Puritan covenant theology, this meant that the person had a personal experience of conversion --   of commitment to Jesus as savior – and that the rest of the church community had recognized that experience as valid. Baptism in the Salem Village Church In 1700, the Salem Village church records recorded what was then necessary to be baptized as a member of the church, rather than as part of infant baptism (which was also practiced leading to the half-way covenant compromise): The individual had to be examined by the pastor or elders and found to be neither fundamentally ignorant nor erroneous.The Congregation is given notice of the proposed baptism so that they can provide testimony if they are vicious (i.e. had a vice) in their lives.The person had to publicly consent to the church’s agreed-on covenant: acknowledging Jesus Christ as savior and redeemer, the Spirit of God as sanctifier, and the discipline of the church.Children of the new member could also be baptized if the new member promised to give them up to God and educate them into the church if God shall spare their lives.

The Juvenile Justice System Is The Primary System Essay

The Juvenile Justice System is the primary system used to address and deal with youth who are caught and convicted of crimes. The juvenile justice system intervenes in delinquent behavior through police, court and correctional involvement, and is largely punitive. Youth and their parents or guardians can face a variety of consequences, including probation, community service, youth court, youth incarceration, and alternative schooling. The juvenile justice system, similar to the adult system, operates from a belief that intervening early in delinquent behavior will deter adolescents from engaging in criminal behavior as adults. Furthermore, according to Elizabeth S. Barnert, statistic which stated that about 2 million juveniles were arrested and over 60 000 detained annually. The statistic displayed that the United States incarcerates a larger proportion of youths than any other developed country. In addition, 1 to 3 incarcerated adolescents represent a high-risk, vulnerable populatio n with disproportionately high rates of unmet physical, developmental, social, and mental health needs, and higher mortality. Moving forward, 4 to 7 juvenile offending predicts a higher likelihood of chronic adult offending, as well as adverse adult outcomes such as poor health, substance use, and increased mortality. Nevertheless, African American youths are approximately 5 times more likely, and Latino and American Indian adolescents are 3 times more likely, to be detained than their WhiteShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Justice System Is The Primary System Essay1362 Words   |  6 PagesJuvenile Justice System is the primary system used to address and deal with youth who are caught and convicted of crimes. The juvenile justice system intervenes in delinquent behavior through police, court and correctional involvement, and is largely punitive. Youth and their parents or guardians can face a variety of consequences including probation, community service, youth court, youth incarceration, and alternative schooling. The juvenile justice system, similar to the adult system, operatesRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System Is The Primary System Used991 Words   |  4 Pages The Juvenile Justice System is the primary system used to handle youth who are convicted of criminal offenses. It is just over 100 years old. Over time it has gone through several changes and its unlikely to disappear anytime soon. We as Americans are still trying to find different ways to approach juvenile justice vs. approaching it as adult justice. Throughout most of history, young adults and or children did not have a separate status between juvenile and adults. 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Gerald â€Å"Jerry† Gault (case) Fifteen-year-old Gerald (Jerry) Gault, was arrested for a complaint that was made that he made a lewd telephone calls. After the court hearings that took place in front of a juvenile court judgeRead More Preferential Treatments in Juvenile Justice System.816 Words   |  4 PagesChapter 15 in the textbook focuses mainly on juvenile justice. There are many subtopics under this chapter however, there was one topic in particular that attracted my interests. This topic was also touched on several times in the discussions board and it is the Preferential Treatments in Juvenile. These controversial treatments were specifically created and developed with a child’s best interests as a primary objective. 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Established in the early twentieth century; it is the responsibility of this division to decide the fates of youthful offenders. This is administered by family court with support of social workers and family. With the increased numberRead MoreThe On The Juvenile Justice System Essay1236 Words   |  5 Pages I would request that Senator Perkins vote against the proposed amendments to the Juvenile Act. Part A Although public safety is both a legitimate and justifiable concern, the proposed changes to the purposes clause would go against the primary purpose of the juvenile justice system, rehabilitation and treatment as opposed to punishment. During the 19th century, the American legal system tended to treat juveniles who violated the criminal law much as it did adult offenders. Consequently, if courtsRead MoreJuvenile Court Essay1138 Words   |  5 PagesThe first juvenile court was established in Illinois in 1899. 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Beowulf And Evil Grendel Essay Example For Students

Beowulf And Evil Grendel Essay Both Shild Shaving and Beowulf were highly honored during their lives. Both were brave warriors, victorious in many Battles. Shild conquered many people, and many lands. For example, How Shild made slaves of soldiers from every Land, crowds of captives hed beaten into terror He also became the king of the Danes. He was highly honored, and became very rich in his lifetime. Just as Beowulf had become one of the most famous men during life due to his defeat of Grendel, and Grendels mother. He later also became king of Geatland. He ruled for fifty years, but his time came during a battle against and irate dragon. Beowulf was still very strong in his elderly years. As was Shild Shaving: When his time was come the old king died, still strong but called to the lords hands. Both of there deaths were honored by very large funerals. Shild Shaving was set out to sea on a fighting ship which was brimming with treasures. Beowulf body was burned along with massive amounts of treasure. His funeral pyre was kept kindled for 10 days. Both Shild Shaving and Beowulf were incredibly loved, and respected by their people. Both were very mighty warriors, and capable of tremendous feats. They conquered land and peoples, and they both died very proud deaths. The story Beowulf is focused around the main character, Beowulf. He is a man of awesome, superhuman powers. He is able to battle huge beasts without the aid of weapons. In the story, he sails to Denmark to a meadhall which was named Herot. The story is interesting in that many things are named, especially swords, and armor which are especially honored if they had helped their previous owners in battle. Beowulfs sword was named Hrunting. Herot had been plagued for twelve years by a monster named Grendel. In one night, Beowuld conquers Grendel, and the 12 years of Suffering is over with. Unbeknownst to Beowulf, Grendel has a mother who then seeks revenge for Grendels death. Beowulf then fights an amazing underwater battle against her, and is victorious. He then sales back to his native Geatland, and then becomes king. After about fifty years, a dragon begins to start reeking havoc upon Geatland. Beowulf blames himself for the dragon, and goes to fight it. He dies, but in the process, kills the dragon. Beowulf was written roughly around 800BC. This makes it very interesting because it gives you somewhat of an idea of what life may have been like. In the story, life is centered around meadhalls which are large drinking halls. Here, one can sleep for the night, get a meal, and also drink the sweet alcoholic drink called meade. The meadhall was the center of the village. If you were a stranger, you could try and spend the night there. If you were a warrior, you would sleep there. In Beowulf, the King of Denmark lived in a meadhall named Herot. Another large aspect of life was honor.  Honor was dependent upon who your father was. If he had no honor, then neither would you. Lineage was extremely important. For example, when Beowulf and his warriors landed in Denmark, they were approached by a Danish warrior who questioned them about there presence in Denmark. Beowulf told him He was there to fight Grendel, but he also said, We are Geats, men who follow Higlac. My father was a famous soldier, known far and wide as a leader of men. His name was Edgetho An interesting aspect of Beowulfs battle against Grendel was that when he fought Grendel, he used no weapons. He only used his bare hands. .u983ab5c34faa771f11b16871941af65e , .u983ab5c34faa771f11b16871941af65e .postImageUrl , .u983ab5c34faa771f11b16871941af65e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u983ab5c34faa771f11b16871941af65e , .u983ab5c34faa771f11b16871941af65e:hover , .u983ab5c34faa771f11b16871941af65e:visited , .u983ab5c34faa771f11b16871941af65e:active { border:0!important; } .u983ab5c34faa771f11b16871941af65e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u983ab5c34faa771f11b16871941af65e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u983ab5c34faa771f11b16871941af65e:active , .u983ab5c34faa771f11b16871941af65e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u983ab5c34faa771f11b16871941af65e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u983ab5c34faa771f11b16871941af65e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u983ab5c34faa771f11b16871941af65e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u983ab5c34faa771f11b16871941af65e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u983ab5c34faa771f11b16871941af65e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u983ab5c34faa771f11b16871941af65e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u983ab5c34faa771f11b16871941af65e .u983ab5c34faa771f11b16871941af65e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u983ab5c34faa771f11b16871941af65e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 1984 Analytical Journal EssayIn the story he grabbed Grendel with a rip so hard it crushed his bones. Grendel was able to escape, but his arm was torn off. Because of this, it is thought that Beowulf may have been a Berserker. A berserker was a type of warrior who would go into battle without any weapons, just sheer strength, and they would squeeze their opponents to death. Literally bear-hug them until they died. There is a term called lofgeornost. It means fame after death. This was also a very important thing in the story. It was what many men strove for. It would help to carry on the honor of a family. If someone had a father who had become very famous in his lifetime for heroic deeds, then that mans family would be bound to be respected. It also the same with the weapons in the story. If they had helped there owners in battle, then they would become very valuable, and prized possessions. For example, after Beowulf had conquered Grendel, and was about to dive into the lake after Grendels mother, Unferth gave his noble sword named Hrunting which had been successful in many battles, to Beowulf. My personal view on Beowulf is very positive. It is a wonderful story. Almost like a fairy tale. It is filled with many terrible monsters, and extremely brave warriors. Theres even a dragon in the story. It evokes memories, of my father reading stories to my sister and I before bed every night. Many stories are very similar in form to Beowulf in respect of having a terrible monster, a brave warrior, a happy ending and some moral to the story. Beowulf ending wasnt extremely positive though because of the fact that Beowulf died. He was an old man though, and his time had come. He did though kill the dragon, so it wasnt entirely unhappy. Throughout the story there is the message of how fickle life can be. Beowulf stressed the mutability of life. One minute your up, the other your down. You can never predict what life might throw you, so always be weary. This holds true even today. When the story was written, life was very dangerous. You could easily be killed by the elements, or in battle, or by sickness. Today, one still has to fear illness, and even the  elements. For example, there has been a string of hurricanes, and tornadoes, and other natural disasters plaguing the United States. Beowulf message is very clear, and very useful, and should be heeded.