The Raven Tpcastt

The Raven TPCASTT Title This poesy could be closely a multitude of things with the title Poe chose, but one thing that is clear is that it is ab out(p) a Raven. Judging from Poes other works, it is standardizedly about some kind of a rabid/demonic raven. Also, it is very likely that this Raven testament crucify someone in some unimaginable way that will destroy the person more so psychologically than physically. Paraphrase I was laying in my bedroom pondering life when I heard a knocking at my door. Maybe it is my dead wife Lenore.No, that washbowlt be it. It must just be someone coming by to visit me. I called down the hall apologizing for taking so long to answer the door, but no one was there. This sincerely freaked me out, so I called for Lenore, but again, there was no answer. I heard the knocking again, maybe its my window. I will check so I can confirm its darkness and not anything more than that. When I opened up my window a raven came flying in and landed above my do or. I decided to ask the raven his name, and his only response was nevermore. I was really freaked out and amazed that there was a fowl with the odd name of nevermore. The bird will for sure leave tomorrow, as everything else does. But the bird responded with nevermore. He must have just learned this word from a bitter owner or someone passing by. at that place is no way it can be speaking to me. So, I just sat back down in my bed to ponder this. Wow, he actually must be a gift from god. I have to ask him if I will ever exit Lenore. He responded with nevermore. If anything will the pain of Lenores death ever fade?But, the raven said nevermore. Will I ever be able to see my Lenore again, whether in this life or the afterlife? But, the raven said nevermore. Get out of my house Raven Get out of my house and get your beak out of my heart. But, the raven said nevermore. The raven wont leave and my soul will never be lifted and Ill never be happy. Connotation This poesy uses ma ny poetic devices. The first, and possibly most important, is point of view. Poe uses first person because during the time period this was extremely scary material.And putting the ratifiers directly into the narrators shoes did zilch but make up the fear factor. Also, unlike much literature of that time, Poe uses a lot of imagery to pull readers into story. Phrases such as tapping on my chamber door and describing the echo of his role give you a sense of auditory imagery. He deeply describes the looks of everything in the house from the birds crest to the shadows being cast on the floor. Lastly, he takes advantage of the tactile sense by describing the birds beak digging into his heart. Attitude Poe had a very depressing attitude toward this whole poem.He wrote it while his wife was dying of tuberculosis, a disease that had plagued him his entire life. Also, during this time he was very poor and wasnt having any success making it as a poet. He used this poem as a way to describ e how the demons in the world felt toward him. He used sad and depressing language throughout the poem to really convey to the reader what he was feeling at the time. Also, he uses a techhnique where the poem starts off making the reader think it is going to be a happy poem where he is reunited with his dead wife and they all live happily ever after.But instead, he is disappointed by a bird that is constantly telling him he will never be able to achieve true contentment. Shifts In the poem there are some, but not many shifts. The primary shifts semen at the beginning but then the poem almost stables out and stays fairly level. The poem starts off on a sense of tedium with him drifting off in his chair. Then there is a sense of excitement when there is a knocking at the door. Then it is hope and happiness that it could be Lenore. But then it goes back to boredom and almost curiosity when there is nothing but darkness at the door.He goes back to answer the window when he hears the knocking again which causes fear and excitement. When the bird flies in he is mostly scared and curious as to why the bird is there. There is next a sense of hope that this bird will be able to help him connect to his Lenore. From here on out it is almost nothing but anger at the bird as it refuses to say anything other than nevermore, and tells the narrator he is never going to be happy. Title After adaptation the poem my prediction was very close to correct.I did know that the bird would be torturing him. I didnt think that it would be in any way like he did, but that part was correct. Also, the bird was supernatural. Other than that, the entire story line was very different than what I had initially expected. Theme The theme of this poem is that ones own head can often be the cause of his misery or grief. The man continues to ask the bird questions when he knows exactly what the bird will say. Its almost as though he had wanted to be upset and was intentionally doing this to him self.

Pork Barrel Essay

I am an average teenager, but I am cognizant of what is happening in the nation. One of the big problem that our country encounters today is CORRUPTION. Pork Barrel is the appropriation of government spending for localized projects secured solely or primarily to bring money to a representatives district. The usage originated in American English. In election campaigns, the term is used in uncomplimentary fashion to attack opponents.The corruption in our country is passed by generation to generation. If we dont act now as an living individual the nigh generation would still suffer, just think our childrens future if we dont speak out or act out now. Yes, we do knuckle under taxes but whenever you see the road trails and the situation of the poverty? Would you be happy? Is it worth seeing?. As we respond to the call of the times, we can say that we ar all heroes. We are a nation of heroes resilient and staunch in the face of adversity, ready to fight against the evil that is the po rk barrel body. We are non only commemorating our fallen heroes we are all heroes in our own right, in our own little way.The real cause behind corruption is absence of a respectable justice system. Philippine justice is not credible, and most of the Filipino people are losing respect for it, because it cannot enforce the rule of legal philosophy against prominent characters and powerful corrupt government officials. Philippine justice is POLITICALLY ADULTERATED which means that it is more dominated by politicians who consider themselves the superior elites of bon ton at the expense of the rights of the common people.Its safe to say that their Glory days are long gone. When mostly the outsiders think that Philippines today is a semi semipolitical instability, economic struggle, crime, and corruption that often come to mind. As a Filipino citizen would you be proud to hear that? I think the answer is NO. When political leaders lie, cheat and slip, when public offices become pu blic curse especially in terms of graft and corruption, when public funds go to private pockets, consequently we begin to realize how cruel and disgrace this act behave done to our country. Because the politicians, are the most notorious abusers of the law where they feel they can simply steal the bounty of the people and cannot be make accountable for their wrongful acts. A changing nation?. Maybe changing for the worse, bribery, corruption, and plundering leaders. The trouble in our country is uncontrollable corruption and greed in the highest level we can imagine, but still we love our very own country Philippines. I could tell its corruption has become a humanitarian crisis and scandals increasingly to nominate the news.Thats why nowadays foreigners and citizens alike say that our country has the most corrupt leadership. The worsen action of corruption has eaten the right of every citizen to freedom, good governance, less poverty, having decent life and most of all having you r dignity, purity, and clean conscience. Corruption is a serious rampart to the social and economic status of the country. The biggest losers are the citizens or the Filipino people. In effect- the end users are made to pay for overpriced goods and services that are made with the low-quality or substandard goods and services being catered in our country. It is our right to demand real change, action and improvement from those who take our money from and spend it in our name. We have the right to stand in our own two feet for our own sake to see the real Freud.Sadly the corruption is not limited to just politicians and policemen. Everyone seems motivated by pure greed in the dog-eat-dog culture that has taken hold in the country. Lets give thanks to the Philippine justice system that they can control at will. Corruption is the gravest threat in our country. Political Donations has a big part in corruption as you can see, few people the donation being given during campaign in order to gain the vote, are you one of them? I hope not. The concentration of the small class of elite families, seen in combination with political donations, gives these families with undue advantage and this had led to concerns as to their undueinfluence on both Philippine politics and tune life.

Indian Economy: Adopting New Approach Essay

After independence, India chartered a path of sparing development based on tangled economy, building a new industrial structure around the public sector and a closely monitored, regulated and controlled system where government played the situation of licenser in the process of building industry. There were few hiccups in between. In the late 70s Mrs. Indira Gandhi brought in small doses of liberalization.In the mid 80? s Rajiv Gandhi did in like manner but the real change came in 1991 when economic crises were looming large on the horizon. Indias economy could be termed as a developing economy which is characterized by the coexistence, in greater or lesser degree, of utilized or unutilized manpower on the one hand and of unexploited and exploited natural resources on the other.A developing economy bears the common features of technological backwardness at low per capita income coupled by widespread poverty, heavy population pressure, low grade ingatheringivity, gritty unemploym ent, low level utilization of inelegants natural resources, rigid social structure, predominance of old beliefs, lack of opportunity for capital formation, pre-dominance of cultivation and sp atomic number 18 participation in international trade etc. But all this is amidst a possibility of economic development, small pockets of high rates of economic reaping and affluence.It is gain saying truth what the world economy has experienced that colonization directly lead to the exploitation of the colonized country by the colonial rulers. colonisation is as well as a factor for the underdevelopment of a countrys economy. India was a victim of the colonial feature of economic exploitation for more than hundred years. The British colonial exploitation in India potty be broadly divided in three periods. They argon (i) the period of merchandised capital, (ii) the period of industrial capital which leads to the peter out of Indian wealth for the interest of British industry and (iii) t he period of financial capital.During British period foreign capital flowed into India. However in real footing those capitals were not according to the proper needs of Indians and directly helped the capital product of Britishers. The overall impact of British rule in Indian economy can be summed up as stagnation of per capita income ever a long period of time, high priority to the traditional method of agricultural activities, repeated famines and tart poverty of handicrafts and traditional village industries defective land holding and erroneous implemen tation of zamindari practices etc.The basic aim of British administration in India was to transform Indian subcontinent as a consumer market for British furnished goods, Technological up gradation and development of cornerstone as well as social infrastructure were negligible. During the independence Indian economy had almost all the features of an underdeveloped economy. In the last fifty years of self-rule, a lot of policy i nitiative has been interpreted up by the government of India to upgrade the economic base of the country.Still Indian economy is gripped by poverty, population explosion, backwardness both in agriculture and industry, low grade technological development, high unemployment and wide difference between the high and low income levels. Now in India incidence of poverty is coexisting with modern nuclear technology. The policy measures taken within the last five decades metamorphosed Indian economy to break the stagnant per capita income to achieve self sufficiency in solid food grain production. Indian economy is a unique blend of public and private sector otherwise k at presentn as a mixed economy.It is also a dualistic economy both modern industry and traditional agricultural activities exist side by side. The mandatory economic rights which the Constitution promises are (i) equality of opportunity unemployment or appointment to every office irrespective of race, caste and sex, (ii) al l the citizens of India shall have property or carry on any occupation, trade or business, (iii) right to acquire private property by the state with compensation paid under the procedure established by law, iv) eschew on begging, child labour and trafficking of human beings.The federal economic structure of India includes the central government and the state government within a unitary system. Demarcations of responsibilities are divided between the central and state governments. However, the residuary power is vested with the central government. Besides finance commission, other economic commissions are set up by the central government time to time to look after the parity of resources distribution among the states.Annual budgets (both general and railway) and five year plans aye the backbone of Indias economic policy initiatives. Indian Economy since Independence-After Indias independence long spell of stagnation was broken with the introduction of economic planning. Since 1950s net national product at factor cost had arisen from Rs. 40,454 crore to 11,224 crores in 1999-2000. The growth of national income was 3. 8 percent. Indias per capita income has been running since 1950-51. Indias per capita income at current price was Rs. 160, 47.Apart from the growth in quantitative terms, there have been significant changes in Indias economic structure since independence. During the second plan priority was acceded to capital intensive manufacturing units. These industries now account for more than fifty percent of the industrialproduction. The transport system in India over the past four decades has grown both in terms of force and modernization. Then road network is one of the largest in the world as a result of spectacular development of roads under various lanes.The match road length comprising national high ways state high ways and other road accounted for 24. 66 lakhs km in 1996-97 progress of shipping, railways and urbane aviation has equally been impress ive. Though the country is presently facing an energy crisis but this sector has also gained much in termsof production. Similarly irrigation facilities in the country have increased raising irrigated area. Since independence significant reformation has taken place in the banking and financial sector ofIndia.The process of nationalization was initiated after independence. frontmost the Reserve Bank was nationalized in 1949, thereafter in 1995 the Imperial Bank of India, a leading commercial bank of that time, was nationalized and renamed the State Bank of India. In 1969 fourteen big commercial banks were nationalized. This act of government undermined thecontrol of big capitalists on the finance capital. From the above argument we can conclude that the Indian economy is no prolonged caught in low levelequilibrium trap.

Women in Sports 19th and 20th Century

Jen Pearlstein December 2, 2010 Kin 305 Women in Sports nineteenth and 20th century Womens participation in boasts has changed over the centuries. In ancient times, men dominated societies. Women were viewed as the caretaker, a exitr for life. Women who did embark were criticized and were thought of as threatening. In 18th century America, women were considered inferior to men because of the belief that women are the weaker sex. A cleaning ladys purpose in life was to take care of the house, children, and husband.When they did destiny to participate in recreational sport, they need to be able to negotiate with men and with other women because societies did not make it easy for women to participate. For example, there was a woman who cute to go sailing, but to do so she needed to deal with the owner of the boat, her husband and a neighboring couple, who was to accompany her, to do so. By the 19th century, there was a cultural shift for women. Women became frustrated with their r ole in society as house -keepers and caretakers and wanted to experience more with their life.They wanted to track rearingal and athletic opportunities to expand their role outside the home. At that time, however, there was opposition towards women participating in sports and receiving an education because they believed it would cause damage to their reproductive organs. Also, it was believed that sport developed manliness, a trait women should not process. But when women were given an education, it was shown that they could handle the ability to endure rigors of education, which helped them form a sense of independence and help provide athletic opportunities.Because of these growing opportunities, exercise for women became very popular and gained credibility. Catherine Beecher was one influential person in regards to physical education for women. She and Dioclesian Lewis developed the 1st women physical education programs to promote womens health. They developed what is known as calisthenics, which is similar to Pilates. Colleges like, Wellesley College, started to require calisthenics and sports as part of their curriculum.Among the wealthy, outdoor activities such as archery, tennis, and golf became creditable and evolved into national associations, which sponsored the first national championships for women in those sports. Senda Berensons introduction of basketball to women in 1892 caused coeducational colleges, womens colleges, and other schools to organize womens teams across the unify States. The three women who plotted the initial course of physical education and athletic competitions were Blanche M Thrilling, Mabel Lee, and Agnes Wayman.They were the leaders of womens participation in variation. However, Thrilling did provide the near leadership of the group. She organized a meeting to discuss the participation of women in sport. During this meeting the Athletic Conference of American College Women (CWA) was formed. However, they did not support the intercollegiate athletics for women. The reason why they opposed to intercollegiate athletics was because it led to professionalism, it was expensive, required coaches, and it led to nerve fatigue according to the organisation.Because of the opposition of intercollegiate athletics for women, a way for them to compete against another school was through play days or sport days. Three or more colleges would meet for competition and would destine themselves up into teams without the school colors. This was the only form of intercollegiate competition that was available for women. These play day and sport days caused an increase in the involvement of women in sporting events.This led to the formation of organizations like the national committee on Womens Sports, to provide rules and standards for athletic participation for women and girls. The AAU, Amateur Athletic Union, which was under the train of men, took control over womens athletics. This stirred up conflict amongst physic al educators and other leaders like, Lou Henry Hoover, Blanche Thrilling, and Agnes Wayman who opposed the AAU control and wanted women to govern the organization not men.They were against it because only women could understand the psychological, motivational, and physiological need for women. (Costa & Guthrie, 91) Lou Henry Hoover was the leader of the National Amateur Athletic Federation, which was an organization that supported sport for everyone. She wanted to have a separate Womens division because of the different ideal standards of womens sport and so was formed the womens division of the NAAF. This organization wad standards for womens competition and encouraged them to participate in both school and non-school events.There still was a belief that women were too frail physically and mentally to participate in intense competition like Olympics. However, in 1932, Mildred Babe Didrikson disproved this belief by winning two Olympic gold laurels and one silver medal in track and field. She had also won every golf tournament she competed in. Her great victories influenced the acceptance of higher- level competition, but there were still limitations due to the stroke that sport build manliness, and therefore, women shouldnt participate because it would strip their femininity.Because of discrimination, women did not have as much financial support and training opportunities as men did. It was not until the 1960s, during the feminist movement, that women fought for equal rights. This caused a great influence for women and sports. There was the approval of inclusion of intercollegiate sport and the establishment of national championship for golf, gymnastics, track and field, badminton, swimming, diving, volleyball and basketball. But what really caused a growth of womens athletics, was the result of Title IX of the Educational Amendment Act of 1972.This law was passed to eliminate sex discrimination in sports. This act provides equal opportunities for fina nces, coaching, and facilities. There was much growth of womens athletics from ancient times to today. Even though you can still notice gender biases amongst womens athletics since mens sport are still more popular than the womens, there are more opportunities and more organizations sponsoring womens involvement and less discrimination than before.References Costa, Margaret D, & Guthrie, Sharon D. ( 1994). Women and Sport Interdisciplinary Perspectives. USA D. Margaret Costa and Sharon R. Guthriex Hutchens, Lisa C. (1998). Gender Equity Collegiate Sports The Role of Athletic Associations. Initiatives (Washington D. C),v. 58 no. 4. Retrieved from File///Users/Jen/Downloads/HWWilsonRecords. hypertext mark-up language Metchikoff, Robert A. (2010) A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education From Ancient Civilizations to the Modern World. Boston, MA McGraw- Hill.

Foreshadowing in a Man for All Seasons

In the play A Man for All Seasons, foreshadowing is used to hint at the destruction of doubting doubting doubting doubting Thomas More. Foreshadowing is a warning or indication of a future event. The foreshadowing shows through quotes from various characters end-to-end the play and even from Thomas More. mogul heat content wishes to divorce his current wife Catherine to be with a nonher wo humankind, but divorce is against the Catholic Church. In this case, King Henry needs all in all the support he can get to override the law of the church. He even goes as out-of-the-way(prenominal) as to start his own church and be the head of it.Thomas More cannot support King Henrys divorce though because Thomas is devoted to the Catholic Church and its laws. He is a man who stands by his beliefs. This causes trouble with King Henry and all the men who support him. In the end, Thomass friends betray him and he dies. Many quotes from Thomass shop steward, Thomas More, and King Henry foreshad ow Thomas Mores death in A Man for All Seasons. Thomas Mores oath to God is how he identifies himself and it is very important to him.While Thomas is a very honest and pure man, his steward makes a comment saying, My master Thomas More would give anything to anyone. Some say thats good and some say thats bad, but I say he cant help it and thats bad. Because some day someones going to ask him for something that he wants to keep and hell be out of practice (Bolt 1. 17). The steward says this right after Rich takes the silver cup Thomas gives to him. The silver cup is a bribe a woman gives to Thomas, but Thomas does not accept bribes. The steward shows how kind Thomas is by not accepting the bribe and giving the bribe away.This quote foreshadows Thomass death, because the steward is predicting how King Henry will ask Thomas to support his divorce. The steward notes how Thomas would do in force(p) about anything for anyone, but Thomas will not be able to support the divorce because Thomas cannot give away his oath to God. This causes King Henry to build up resentment towards Thomas which leads to Thomass death. Thomas believes his ending to not support the divorce will not cause any real trouble with him and King Henry, but Thomas is very wrong.Although Thomas does not yet know he will die, he foreshadows his own death by saying, Set your mind at rest- this is not the embarrass of which martyrs are made (Bolt 1. 60). This quote is very significant because it shows Thomass ignorance and how much he underestimates the cruelty of his fellow friends and men in general. Thomass wife, who possesses much common sense, is very concerned, and she realizes before Thomas that King Henry will not simply let Thomas get away with his decision. Thomas is happy with his decision though, because he has stayed true to himself and to God.Thomas knows the only person he will judge is himself if he goes against his beliefs. Although King Henry is not pleased, Thomas believes he will not be bothered by the issue of the divorce again, but it does not go away as he hoped it would. Once Thomas realizes he has caused real trouble by his decision, he believes his silence will prove his innocence. This shows that Thomas stays ignorant throughout the play until he realizes how far King Henry is willing to go to prove his authority when Thomas is placed in prison under false charges.Even though Thomas thinks his decision will not cause any chaotic problems, King Henry hints that it will, even before Thomas comes to this conclusion. Henry tries to be polite at head start and discuss the issue of the divorce with Thomas in person. When King Henry realizes Thomas is going to stand by his decision, King Henry says, No opposition, I say No opposition Your conscience is your own affair but you are my Chancellor There, you have my word Ill leave you out of it. further I dont take it kindly, Thomas (Bolt 1. 56).Although King Henry tells Thomas that he will leave him out of the divorce issue, King Henry foreshadows Thomass death by also saying he does not take Thomass decision lightly. Thomas does not childs play this though, so he feels that he and the King have come to a truce. Even though King Henry understands Thomass devotion to the Catholic Church, he will not let Thomas go without a fight. Once King Henry gets his divorce and starts his own church, England severs its connection with Rome. This causes Thomas to dispense with as Lord Chancellor. Thomass action only adds fuel to King Henrys fire.Thomas believes by staying silent on where he stands with his beliefs, he will not be punished for anything. In the end, King Henry decapitates Thomas for not choosing his side. Thomass death is foreseen many times throughout the play. The steward predicts that because of Thomass kind nature, he will one day be asked for something he will not want to give up. This foresight is proven true as King Henry asks Thomas to support a divorce that goes ag ainst Thomass beliefs. Thomas foreshadows his own death by underestimating the impact his decision will have on his community.Thomas believes that his decision to not support the divorce will irritate King Henry and his followers, but lastly they will get over his choice. King Henry proves Thomas wrong as he throws Thomas in prison for made-up charges and later on decapitates him. Lastly, King Henry hints at his plans for Thomass death when he mentions how he does not take Thomass decision kindly. Readers see just how unkindly King Henry takes Thomass choice when he orders someone to kill Thomas. Foreshadowing is a key tool used in A Man for All Seasons in order to help readers predict Thomas Mores unfair death.

Cesare Lombroso

Cesargon Lombroso was the founder of the Italian School of Positivist Criminology. He rejected the established Greco-Roman School, which held that offense was a characteristic trait of human nature and that rational choices were the foundation of behavior. Lombroso, using a scientific approach and concepts drawn from physiognomy, early eugenics, psychiatry, and Social Darwinism, argued that transgression was inherited, and that the born criminal could be set by physical defects, which confirmed a criminal as savage, or atavistic. While his particular identifying characteristics are no longer considered valid, the idea of factors that predispose certain individuals to commit crime continues to be foundational to be given in criminology. Together with his emphasis on the scientific method, this revolutionary approach has earned Lombroso the title father of scientific criminology He was later forced to considerably alter his views after extensive study of the phenomenon of Eusapia P alladino, a storied spiritualist. He later wrote, I am ashamed and grieved at having opposed with so much perseverance the possibility of the so-called spiritistic facts.Cesare Lombroso was famous in the nineteenth century be flummox he claimed to nurse discovered the ca rehearse of crime and wrote books. In these books, Lombroso claimed that anatomical investigations of the post mortem bodies of criminals revealed that they were physically different from normal people. He maintained that criminals obligate stigmata (signs), and that these stigmata consist of abnormal dimensions of the skull and jaw. Lombroso even claimed that different criminals have different physical characteristics which he could discern.In time, and under the regularize of his son-in-law, Guglielmo Ferrero, Lombroso included the view that social factors were also problematic in the causation of crime and that all criminality is not inborn. Born criminals were thus viewed by in his earliest writings as a p ut to work of human sub-species. In his later writings, however, he began to regard them less as evolutionary throwbacks and more than in terms of arrested development and degeneracy. He popularized the notion of a born criminal through biological determinism criminals have particular physiognomic attributes or deformities.Physiognomy attempts to estimate character and personality traits from physical features of the face or the body. In Lombrosos view, whereas approximately individuals evolve, the violent criminal had devolved, and therefore constituted a societal or evolutionary regression. He change state on a purported scientific methodology in order to identify criminal behavior and sequester individuals capable of the most violent types of crime. He advocated the study of individuals using measurements and statistical methods in compiling anthropological, social, and economic data.With successive research and more thorough statistical analysis, he modified his theories. H e continued to trace atavistic stigmata, and in addition, he identified two other types of criminal the insane criminal, and the criminaloid. Although insane criminals quality some stigmata, they were not born criminals rather they became criminal as a result of an alteration of the brain, which totally upsets their moral nature. Among the ranks of insane criminals were kleptomaniacs and child molesters.Criminaloids had none of the physical peculiarities of the born or insane criminal and became involved in crime later in life, and tended to commit less serious crimes. Criminaloids were further categorized as habitual criminals, who became so by contact with other criminals, the abuse of alcohol, or other distressing circumstances. He was also an advocate for humane treatment of criminals, arguing for the removal of atavistic, born criminals from society for their own and societys protection, for replenishment for those not born criminal, and against capital punishment.His wo rk was always hampered by his Social Darwinist assumptions. In particular, he held the pre-genetic mood of evolution as progress from lower life forms to higher life forms together with an assumption that the more advanced human traits would dispose their owners to living peacefully within a hierarchical, urbanized society out-of-the-way(prenominal) different from the conditions under which human beings evolved. In attempting to predict criminality by the shapes of the skulls and other physical features of criminals, he had in effect created a new pseudoscience of forensic phrenology.While he was a pioneer of scientific criminology, and his work was one of the bases of the eugenics movement in the early twentieth century, his work is no longer considered as providing an commensurate foundation for contemporary criminology. However, psychiatry and abnormal psychology have retained his idea of locating crime completely within the individual and utterly divorced from the surrounding social conditions and structures. Lombroso developed the concept of the atavistic, or born, criminal, based on anthropometric measurements.Although the scientific validity of the concept has been questioned by other criminologists, Lombroso is still ascribe with turning attention from the legalistic study of crime to the scientific study of the criminal. This new scientific criminology valued the experimental method based on empirically discovered facts and their examination. The knowledge gained was to be achieved carefully, over time, through imperious observation and scientific analysis. In his later work, He was noted for advocating humane treatment of criminals and limitations on the use of the death penalty.

Indigenous Tradition Essay

In the obsolete existence have mistaken about their tradition Indigenous originality or occurring natur totallyy (country, region etc) To be indigenous family relationship (relation to one another) and location(connection of particular place) Indigenous religion beliefs, experience and practices concerning non-falsifiable realities of wad who have kinship and location Syncretism Syncretism merging of elements from contrastive religions. Eg north Ameri crapper tradition have been influenced by Christianity, some Afri atomic number 50 rites ar influences by Islam. * Change occurs everywhere.* Traditions ar less authentic (accurate) than thousands year ago Indigenous can be found anywhere * Anishinaubae drumming ceremony in Toronto * Yoruba Funeral rites in London * Maori Purification ritual in opera kinsfolk Sydney Australia Misconceptions * Common to Indigenous traditions is colonialism * Oglala (Indigenous familiarity) a theorist rationalizeed them as warriors without weapons basically they were unequal to(p) to adapting a hot economy lifestyle they foc employ on how to make them modern Indians * Out stancer neediness insider knowledge.* Scholars often used terms such(prenominal) as fetish, myth, mana, taboo to explain Indigenous traditions. * Eg Indigenous stories argon called myth where the bible is considered to be true. Primitive Cultures that ar un limitingd from the beginning primitive Christians, who believed in immortal and their tradition, had superiority and began to spread their religion to who didnt know about gospel Indigenous traditions argon tip to think more primitive Due to non-literate * But writing to not better than oral discourse * Mayan did use writing * Most Indigenous passel ar very literate.Indigenous tradition are tend to think more primitive consider everything to be sacred (untrue) * Eg Navajo ceremony that transforms normal house into a scared place. So everything such as take, sleeping is considered to be sacred. * Australian aborigine knows where to pray(know the dissimilarity between sacred and non sacred mussinesss) Primitive term is now disagreeing by more scoloars mohawk and Cree (Dr Clare Brant) Mohawk Indigenous traditions who give more food to their guest to figure their wealth. Cree Indigenous tradition who eat all the food offered to show scarcity.These two traditions did not go well together and this shows that Indigenous traditions are different from each other. Another point is that we reveal other cultures according to our own cultures. Gender roles * Male hunt and warfare * Female healing and food preparation * Maori carvers were men and weavers were women. Bunu men frow cotton and women turn it into clothes. * some sentences the roles switch just like other traditions * Usually religions practices are different for men and woman too. strength of speech Oral speaking is very imp for Indigenous traditions things are passed down oraly. umpteen people think or al primitive (untrue).Both Quran and Bible was passed down orally before write into text Stories After life * Kewa a man decrees a tunnel where his dead people wre alert together and they gave them many things and asks him not to speak of it. When he goes and secure everyone about the tunnel, he breaks the promise and when he returns the tunnel is gone. * Anishinaubae three-year-old man fiance died, and he go on a journey to find her and when he found her , he returns home heartbroken, keeping his promise. * These stories tell us about importance of relationships tell us about how we should live than about dying Writing stores often fixed in time.Trickster * Considered as culture heroes because they are the central figures in many stores * Usually shape break of hang usually into animals * Can change genders sometime biological and sometime just clothes changing * outer(a) form is reflected into infidelity * They can appear as fools, selfish, kind, scandalous etc. * Usuall y driven by self interest alone * Trickster stores show us how we should behave and how we should not * The stories often explain the origins of world and connect to a community more deeply. * Embodies the extremes of mercifulity human weakness and strength act (rituals).Indigenous tradition rituals are very similar to our traditions * Rituals remind us on what is imp in our life. * In religious terms, rituals, communicate some slipway with gods, ancestor and flavor up. * Rituals are roots in the human needs and relationship Rituals * Every rituals varies * Usually involves food Muslim and Jews have specific food eating habits * Many Buddhist set food portions aside for ancestors * Anishinaubae say small amount of food for the spirits * Some rituals are more complicated * Such as marriage, death, birth * Sometimes these rituals mark translation and sometimes they help to bring the transformation about.* Indigenous tradition rituals serve in some ways to recreate some aspects of the world, order and life Journey * Going on a journey/ invite rites of passage * Journey to a new place is where a transformation occurs. * The person returns home with physiological change, such as tattoo, scar or a carcass part to typeize their new self. * Pondos move into a special hut to become sacred healers- if they go into town before they must be covered in white * White usually symbolize the color of transformation in Africa * Anishinaubae wad quest yong man travels far away from home besides with water and be recognizely alone. accordingly late he become a adult man and comes home with food and the ritual is complete . Sacrifice Mel Gibson sacrifices in Indigenous traditions are vey common Bear sacrifice raise a young cub, and raise it for two day and kill it. Head is emptied and filled with flowers and then the animal is cooked and eaten. They think that the wear down is the golds spirit and they see it as freeing the spirit. Sun dance dance manger days a nd community provide support. Some sun dance involves sacrifice . the pole and lodge are buil to show the creation of the world Nuer sacrifice ox for healing.Xhosa when a woman fall ill the community gathers and kill a cow and do many rituals. This is due their thinking that the ancestor or spirit is angry with the women. * above rituals shows the involvement of community even though there is sacrifice involved. * The rituals ultimately brings people together * Sacrifice like rituals create order and meaning * Those rituals join people to the past and serve to current situation Cultural Expression What you see is not always what you get Art in Indigenous traditions is aout relationship objects are coonected to people Weaving * Intertwine and connect * Weavers work together , serving one another , passing knowledge. * Shows alignments among people Maori Tradition * all told weavers are female * A fille is said all about weaving more said more discouraged if people power saw true commitment then they let the girl into whare pora(caretakers of the weaving) * Whare pora have rules no sex before dying, no food allowed during weaving, special garment should be weaved during the day and not strangets can view the weaving * conventional colors black, red and white * Sacred thread is sewed on all garments to show the bond Underlying cloth * Clothing declare who we are and how we fit into social fabric * Has two side can hide much as it reveals and help us create a public example * Lady gaga he masks and clothes hide part of her but also reveals her identity that she wishes to show * Special clothes are associated with imp rituals * Bunu believes that the special clothes are kind of womb, enveloping the body as like a fetus is being born. Clothing only wears it does not die old cloth is replaces by new, as old spirits is reborn Spirit basket * Oldest arts * In pomo community men makes the heavy basket for hunting and fishing * Women were responsible for religious baskets.* Mable mckey was a traditional healer in pomo community and famous basket weaver in the world. drapes * Masks are used in imp rituals wedding , funerals, hunting celebration etc * Masks are ment to ring spirit into the community lesser deities (gods) * Mask represent certain animals does not mean they worship the animal * Epa mask in Yoruba community exceedingly heavy show the strength require to dance with the mask and enter the adult hood with responsibility. * Carvers are usualy male Totem poles * in truth specific to each communities * Function of totem poles also varies in each tradition.* Meaning varies serve as a supporting structure or grave makers and other as a symbol for power * Most also tell stories such as historical, achievements and religious * Grizzly bear at the base holding a human represents self-preservation or survival. Moko * Maori carvings are less likely to be displayed out-of-door the original physical context * Moko tattoos * In th e beginning the women were only allowed tattoos around their lips and chin where men can have tattoos all over their face * Moko story remind the Maori people their ancestor and importance of encounter ones obligation and treating one another with respect Ancestoral House.* Marae Maori religious and social home. Site of wedding , funeral, celebration. * Authority is held by community elders where they use the space to pass n traditions, stories and arts, carving, weaving. * If the artist when wrong painting the place, they could be put to death. * Location is very imp it must be located in a place where the preceding generation carried out the religious and social activities. * Whare Whakairo physical form which represents the body of the ancestor * The building is divide into body parts of the ancestor Three points and Shrine * Some traditions are very plain, harder for an outsider to see * Three issues * Most rituals are performed outside * Think bout the function of religious structures that are used in the rituals * What you see is not often what you get * Mbari shrine represents the founder of the community, a great healer and was forced to flee because they were attacked by another community. Elder stands her to protects the shrine all the time. * The guard signify the change modern development Hogans * Navajo Hogan traditional living space as well as the site for many rituals. * It is the site for daily activities and some are religious and some are not * Before new Hogan is occupied a song is performed.* Known as Blessing way ceremony four divining earth, mountain woman, water woman, corn woman also the song speaks everyday things * According to them world is structure Hogan All these things symbolizes * Link btw past and present * Btw community and place * Btw our world and world of spirits Colonialism * Colonialism process where people from one place maintain a settlement in another and to the effects of people who were already there. * Changes include subjugation or removal , new laws, social practices and new economy. * Power and profit are factors that drive colonialism.* Religion is also one of the reason Colombus * He destroyed a community Arawaks * He wanted to tell him where the gold was people who gave him gold were left alive and people who didnt were killed(by acetous hands) * Then he realized that the most valuable are the people, so he sent them butt to Europe by the boat land. Genocides * 20 million African were taken as slave and only 11 million returned * 96% od aboriginals were dead in Australia * factors of depopulation military action, torture, starvation, suicide and slavery. * More aboriginals are killed when the Americans want more land Masters of continent * As settler population growed the indigenous population reduced less friendly for land * Terra nullius no ones land was the phrase that European settlers used no owner ship primitive they do not count as people Conversion * Many switch ov ered to different religion due to colonialism * In Indonesia indigenous tradition is not recognized by lay so all are counted as muslim liberation of religion * Europeans tried to convert them into chistianity rarely worked * Europeans used military strengeth and religion our people is tronger because our god is stronger * Missionaries.* Also sometimes the colonial governance made the indigenous religion illegal * Eg potlatch and sundance was made illegal ? Die to the felf harm and economic blow is potlatch(poverty) * Colonialism lead to patriarchy The potlatch * Feast that are hosted by a family and hosting family presents the guests with gifts * Demonstrate hospitality and redistributing wealth. Loss of voice communication * Colonialism language disappeared forever * 20 languages extinct * when communities died, the languages died with them * childrens were forbidden to speak their own languages Stolen generation Loss of Land* Many religious and indigenous land were taken and was destroyed * Two problems that non-indigenous people had * Very common belief, no specific belief and are mostly about practice * Religion such as Christians can pray anywhere but indigenous people had to pray at a specific site Identity (the sympols of indeginous people in sports) * Cleveland Indians play at Atlanta braves its a reminder of ongoing colonialism that has been taken from the indigenous people. * Indigenous oriented names eskimo pie to market the products evoke a primitive stereotype that is best suited for the product *.